Comprehensive Psychiatry
Volume 52, Issue 3 , Pages 231-237 , May 2011

Proximal risk factors and suicide methods among suicide completers from national suicide mortality data 2004-2006 in Korea

  • Jeong-Soo Im

      Affiliations

    • Department of Preventive Medicine, Gachon Medical School, Incheon, Korea
  • ,
  • Soon Ho Choi

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine University of Ulsan, Seoul 138-736, Korea
  • ,
  • Duho Hong

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medical Education, Gachon Medical School, Incheon Graduate School of Public, Health, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon, Korea
  • ,
  • Hwa Jeong Seo

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medical Education, Gachon Medical School, Incheon Graduate School of Public, Health, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon, Korea
  • ,
  • Subin Park

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine University of Ulsan, Seoul 138-736, Korea
  • ,
  • Jin Pyo Hong

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine University of Ulsan, Seoul 138-736, Korea
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +82 2 3010 3421; fax: +82 2 485 8381.

References 

  1. Korea National Statistical Office . National statistics report. Seoul, Korea National Statistical Office. 1995;
  2. Korea National Statistical Office . National statistics report. Seoul, Korea National Statistical Office. 2006;
  3. Korea National Statistical Office . National statistics report. Seoul, Korea National Statistical Office. 2007;
  4. Agerbo E, Nordentoft M, Mortensen PB. Familial, psychiatric, and socioeconomic risk factors for suicide in young people: nested case-control study. BMJ. 2002;325:74
  5. Nock MK, Borges G, Bromet EJ, Alonso J, Angermeyer M, Beautrais A, et al. Cross-national prevalence and risk factors for suicidal ideation, plans and attempts. Br J Psychiatry. 2008;192:98–105
  6. ICECI Coordination and Maintenance Group. International classification of external causes of injuries (ICECI) version 1.2. Amsterdam: Consumer Safety Institute and AIHW National Injury Surveillance Unit; 2004;
  7. Varnik A, Kolves K, van der Feltz-Cornelis CM, Marusic A, Oskarsson H, Palmer A, et al. Suicide methods in Europe: a gender-specific analysis of countries participating in the “European alliance against depression”. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2008;62:545–551
  8. Cantor CH, Baume PJ. Access to methods of suicide: what impact?. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 1998;32:8–14
  9. Yip PS. Suicides in Hong Kong, 1981-1994. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 1997;32:243–250
  10. Bertolote JM, Fleischmann A. Suicide rates in China. Lancet. 2002;359:2274;author reply -5
  11. Sharma BR, Gupta M, Sharma AK, Sharma S, Gupta N, Relhan N, et al. Suicides in northern India: comparison of trends and review of literature. J Forensic Leg Med. 2007;14:318–326
  12. Krysinska K, De Leo D. Suicide on railway networks: epidemiology, risk factors and prevention. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2008;42:763–771
  13. Nordentoft M, Qin P, Helweg-Larsen K, Juel K. Restrictions in means for suicide: an effective tool in preventing suicide: the Danish experience. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2007;37:688–697
  14. Li XY, Phillips MR, Zhang YP, Xu D, Yang GH. Risk factors for suicide in China's youth: a case-control study. Psychol Med. 2008;38:397–406
  15. Lin JJ, Lu TH. Suicide mortality trends by sex, age and method in Taiwan, 1971-2005. BMC Public Health. 2008;8:6
  16. Phillips MR, Li X, Zhang Y. Suicide rates in China, 1995-99. Lancet. 2002;359:835–840
  17. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) . Health at a glance. In: OECD indicators. Paris: OECD; 2007;
  18. Eberstadt N. In: Korea approaches reunification. New York: M.E. Sharpe; 1995;p. 10–12
  19. Hyun KJ. Sociocultural change and traditional values: Confucian values among Koreans and Korean Americans. Int J Intercult Relat. 2001;25:203–229
  20. Korea National Statistical Office . National statistics report. Seoul, Korea National Statistical Office. 2009;
  21. Voaklander DC, Rowe BH, Dryden DM, Pahal J, Saar P, Kelly KD. Medical illness, medication use and suicide in seniors: a population-based case-control study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2008;62:138–146
  22. Jou HM, Kim SS, Lim HK, Han SH, Song MR, Son BS. An effect of the parent's achievement pressure on the youth group's stress. Korean J Sanitation. 2007;22:67–74
  23. Lee KS, Kim JH. The effects of study stress coping training program on the reduction of study stress and the academic achievements of high school students. J Korean Health Psychol Assoc. 2000;5:43–59
  24. Ministry of Health and Welfare . The epidemiological survey of psychiatric illnesses in Korea: Ministry of Health and Welfare. 2006;
  25. Chang JY, Ho JW. Changes in retiring age among workers and sociodemographic characteristics. Korean Q J Labor Policy. 2002;2:1–21
  26. Chochinov HM, Wilson KG, Enns M, Mowchun N, Lander S, Levitt M, et al. Desire for death in the terminally ill. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152:1185–1191
  27. Conwell Y, Lyness JM, Duberstein P, Cox C, Seidlitz L, DiGiorgio A, et al. Completed suicide among older patients in primary care practices: a controlled study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;48:23–29
  28. Conwell Y, Duberstein PR, Caine ED. Risk factors for suicide in later life. Biol Psychiatry. 2002;52:193–204
  29. Rubenowitz E, Waern M, Wilhelmson K, Allebeck P. Life events and psychosocial factors in elderly suicides—a case-control study. Psychol Med. 2001;31:1193–1202
  30. Ng CH. The stigma of mental illness in Asian cultures. Aust Nz J Psychiat. 1997;31:382–390
  31. Seeman MV. Employment discrimination against schizophrenia. Psychiatr Q. 2009;80:9–16
  32. Tsang HW, Angell B, Corrigan PW, Lee Y, Shi K, Lam CS, et al. A cross-cultural study of employers' concerns about hiring people with psychotic disorder: implications for recovery. Soc Psych Psych Epid. 2007;42:723–733
  33. Park JI, Lee SD, Chung EK, Suh T, Hong JP. Discrimination against mentally ill persons in Korean legislative system. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc. 2004;43:237–241
  34. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . National center for injury prevention and control. Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2007;
  35. Hu G, Wilcox HC, Wissow L, Baker SP. Mid-life suicide: an increasing problem in U.S. Whites, 1999-2005. Am J Prev Med. 2008;35:589–593
  36. Ohberg A, Lonnqvist J, Sarna S, Vuori E, Penttila A. Trends and availability of suicide methods in Finland. Proposals for restrictive measures. Br J Psychiatry. 1995;166:35–43
  37. Leenaars A, Cantor C, Connolly J, EchoHawk M, Gailiene D, He ZX, et al. Controlling the environment to prevent suicide: international perspectives. Can J Psychiatry. 2000;45:639–644
  38. Bertolote JM, Fleischmann A, Eddleston M, Gunnell D. Deaths from pesticide poisoning: a global response. Br J Psychiatry. 2006;189:201–203
  39. Korea National Statistical Office . National statistics report. Seoul, Korea National Statistical Office. 2000;
  40. Dervic K, Friedrich E, Oquendo MA, Voracek M, Friedrich MH, Sonneck G. Suicide in Austrian children and young adolescents aged 14 and younger. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006;15:427–434
  41. Snowdon J. Suicide rates and methods in different age groups: Australian data and perceptions. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1997;12:253–258

 This study was supported by the Health Promotion Fund, Ministry for Health, Welfare and Family Affairs, Republic of Korea (07-37).

PII: S0010-440X(10)00096-9

doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2010.07.005

Comprehensive Psychiatry
Volume 52, Issue 3 , Pages 231-237 , May 2011