Comprehensive Psychiatry
Volume 51, Issue 4 , Pages 347-352 , July 2010

A clinical comparison of pathologic skin picking and obsessive-compulsive disorder

References 

  1. Hayes SL, Storch EA, Berlanga L. Skin picking behaviors: an examination of the prevalence and severity in a community sample. J Anxiety Disord. 2009;23:314–319
  2. Keuthen NJ, Deckersbach T, Wilhelm S, Hale E, Fraim C, Baer L, et al. Repetitive skin picking in a student population and comparison with a sample of self-injurious skin pickers. Psychosomatics. 2000;41:210–215
  3. Keuthen NJ, Koran LM, Aboujaoude E, Large MD, Serpe RT. The prevalence of pathological skin picking in US adults. Compr Psychiatry (in press).
  4. Grant JE, Williams KA, Potenza MN. Impulse-control disorders in adolescent psychiatric inpatients: co-occurring disorders and sex differences. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68:1584–1592
  5. Griesemer RD. Emotionally triggered disease in a dermatologic practice. Psychiatr Ann. 1978;8:407–412
  6. Arnold LM, Auchenbach MB, McElroy SL. Psychogenic excoriation. Clinical features, proposed diagnostic criteria, epidemiology and approaches to treatment. CNS Drugs. 2001;15:351–359
  7. Grant JE, Odlaug BL, Kim SW. Lamotrigine treatment of pathologic skin picking: an open-label study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68:1384–1391
  8. Arnold LM, McElroy SL, Mutasim DF, Dwight MM, Lamerson CL, Morris EM. Characteristics of 34 adults with psychogenic excoriation. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59:509–514
  9. Odlaug BL, Grant JE. Clinical characteristics and medical complications of pathologic skin picking. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2008;30:61–66
  10. Gupta MA, Gupta AK, Haberman HF. Neurotic excoriations: a review and some new perspectives. Compr Psychiatry. 1986;27:381–386
  11. Stein DJ, Hollander E. Obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 1995;56:265–266
  12. Stein DJ, Chamberlain SR, Fineberg N. An A-B-C model of habit disorders: hair-pulling, skin-picking, and other stereotypic conditions. CNS Spectr. 2006;11:824–827
  13. Stein DJ, Flessner CA, Franklin M, Keuthen NJ, Lochner C, Woods DW. Is trichotillomania a stereotypic movement disorder? An analysis of body-focused repetitive behaviors in people with hair-pulling. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2008;20:194–198
  14. Calikuşu C, Yücel B, Polat A, Baykal C. The relation of psychogenic excoriation with psychiatric disorders: a comparative study. Compr Psychiatry. 2003;44(3):256–261
  15. Cullen BA, Samuels JF, Bienvenu OJ, Grados M, Hoehn-Saric R, Hahn J, et al. The relationship of pathologic skin picking to obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2001;189:193–195
  16. Chamberlain SR, Fineberg NA, Blackwell AD, Clark L, Robbins TW, Sahakian BJ. A neuropsychological comparison of obsessive-compulsive disorder and trichotillomania. Neuropsychologia. 2007;45:654–662
  17. Teng EJ, Woods DW, Twohig MP. Habit reversal as a treatment for chronic skin picking: a pilot investigation. Behav Modif. 2006;30:411–422
  18. Grant JE, Odlaug BL. Update on pathological skin picking. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2009;11:283–288
  19. Arzeno Ferrão Y, Almeida VP, Bedin NR, Rosa R, D'Arrigo Busnello E. Impulsivity and compulsivity in patients with trichotillomania or skin picking compared with patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2006;47:282–288
  20. American Psychiatric Association . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed., Text Revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc; 2000;(DSM-IV-TR)
  21. Odlaug BL, Grant JE. Trichotillomania and pathologic skin picking: clinical comparison with an examination of comorbidity. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2008;20:57–63
  22. Flessner CA, Woods DW. Phenomenological characteristics, social problems, and the economic impact associated with chronic skin picking. Behav Modif. 2006;30:944–963
  23. First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JBW. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV–Patient Edition (SCID-I/P, Version 2.0). New York (NY): Biometrics Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute; 1995;
  24. Grant JE, Levine L, Kim D, Potenza MN. Impulse control disorders in adult psychiatric inpatients. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:2184–2188
  25. Creath CJ, Steinmetz S, Roebuck R. Gingival swelling due to a fingernail biting habit. J Am Dent Assoc. 1995;126:1019–1021
  26. Bienvenu OJ, Samuels JF, Riddle MA, Hoehn-Saric R, Liang KY, Cullen BA, et al. The relationship of obsessive-compulsive disorder to possible spectrum disorders: results from a family study. Biol Psychiatry. 2000;48:287–293
  27. Nestadt G, Addington A, Samuels J, Liang KY, Bienvenu OJ, Riddle M, et al. The identification of OCD-related subgroups based on comorbidity. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;53:914–920
  28. Bienvenu OJ, Wang Y, Shugart YY, Welch JM, Grados MA, Fyer AJ, et al. Sapap3 and pathological grooming in humans: results from the OCD collaborative genetics study. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2009;150B:710–720
  29. Odlaug BL, Grant JE, Chamberlain SR. A neurocognitive assessment of motor inhibition and cognitive flexibility in pathological skin picking. In: New Research Program and Abstracts, 162nd Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association. San Francisco (Calif): APA; 2009;
  30. Stein DJ, Dodman NH, Borchelt P, Hollander E. Behavioral disorders in veterinary practice: relevance to psychiatry. Compr Psychiatry. 1994;35:275–285
  31. Bordnick PS, Thyer BA, Ritchie BW. Feather picking disorder and trichotillomania: an avian model of human psychopathology. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 1994;25:189–196
  32. Moon-Fanelli AA, Dodman NH, O'Sullivan RI. Veterinary models of compulsive self-grooming parallels with trichotillomania. In:  Stein DJ,  Christenson GA,  Hollander E editor. Trichotillomania. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1999;p. 63–92
  33. Greer JM, Capecchi MR. Hoxb8 is required for normal grooming behavior in mice. Neuron. 2002;33:23–34
  34. Lochner C, Seedat S, du Toit PL, Nel DG, Niehaus DJ, Sandler R, et al. Obsessive-compulsive disorder and trichotillomania: a phenomenological comparison. BMC Psychiatry. 2005;5:2
  35. Phillips KA, Taub SL. Skin picking as a symptom of body dysmorphic disorder. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1995;31:279–288
  36. Grant JE, Menard W, Phillips KA. Pathological skin picking in individuals with body dysmorphic disorder. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2006;28:487–493
  37. Odlaug BL, Grant JE. N-acetyl cysteine in the treatment of grooming disorders. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007;27:227–229
  38. Phillips KA, Dwight MM, McElroy SL. Efficacy and safety of fluvoxamine in body dysmorphic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59:165–171
  39. Hollander E, Allen A, Kwon J, Aronowitz B, Schmeidler J, Wong C, et al. Clomipramine vs desipramine crossover trial in body dysmorphic disorder: selective efficacy of a serotonin reuptake inhibitor in imagined ugliness. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56:1033–1039
  40. Christenson GA, Pyle RL, Mitchell JE. Estimated lifetime prevalence of trichotillomania in college students. J Clin Psychiatry. 1991;52:415–417
  41. Friman PC, Byrd MR, Oksol EM. Characteristics of oral-digital habits. In:  Woods DW,  Miltenberger RG editor. Tic disorders, trichotillomania, and other repetitive behavior disorders: behavioral approaches to analysis and treatment. Norwell (Mass): Kluwer Academic Publishers; 2001;p. 197–222
  42. Black DW, Gaffney GR, Schlosser S, Gabel J. Children of parents with obsessive-compulsive disorder—a 2-year follow-up study. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2003;107:305–313
  43. do Rosario-Campos MC, Leckman JF, Curi M, Quatrano S, Katsovitch L, Miguel EC, et al. A family study of early-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2005;136B:92–97
  44. Grados M, Wilcox HC. Genetics of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a research update. Expert Rev Neurother. 2007;7:967–980

PII: S0010-440X(09)00130-8

doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2009.10.006

Comprehensive Psychiatry
Volume 51, Issue 4 , Pages 347-352 , July 2010

Article Tools