Comprehensive Psychiatry
Volume 49, Issue 4 , Pages 346-352 , July 2008

Compulsive exercise to control shape or weight in eating disorders: prevalence, associated features, and treatment outcome

  • Riccardo Dalle Grave

      Affiliations

    • Department of Eating Disorder and Obesity, Villa Garda Hospital, 37016 Garda (Vr), Italy
    • ,
  • Simona Calugi

      Affiliations

    • Department of Eating Disorder and Obesity, Villa Garda Hospital, 37016 Garda (Vr), Italy
    • ,
  • Giulio Marchesini

      Affiliations

    • Unit of Clinical Dietetics, “Alma Mater Studiorum” University of Bologna, Policlinico S. Orsola, I-40138 Bologna, Italy
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +39 051 6364889; fax: +39 051 6364502.

References 

  1. Shroff H, Reba L, Thornton LM, Tozzi F, Klump KL, Berrettini WH, et al. Features associated with excessive exercise in women with eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord. 2006;39:454–461
  2. American Psychiatry Association . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th, text revision, ed.. Washington (DC): American Psychiatry Association; 2000;
  3. Adkins EC, Keel PK. Does “excessive” or “compulsive” best describe exercise as a symptom of bulimia nervosa?. Int J Eat Disord. 2005;38:24–29
  4. Mond JM, Hay PJ, Rodgers B, Owen C. An update on the definition of “excessive exercise” in eating disorders research. Int J Eat Disord. 2006;39:147–153
  5. Solenberger SE. Exercise and eating disorders: a 3-year inpatient hospital record analysis. Eat Behav. 2001;2:151–168
  6. Davis C, Katzman DK, Kaptein S, Kirsh C, Brewer H, Kalmbach K, et al. The prevalence of high-level exercise in the eating disorders: etiological implications. Compr Psychiatry. 1997;38:321–326
  7. Penas-Lledo E, Vaz Leal FJ, Waller G. Excessive exercise in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: relation to eating characteristics and general psychopathology. Int J Eat Disord. 2002;31:370–375
  8. Davis C, Kaptein S. Anorexia nervosa with excessive exercise: a phenotype with close links to obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2006;142:209–217
  9. Brewerton TD, Stellefson EJ, Hibbs N, Hodges EL, Cochrane CE. Comparison of eating disorder patients with and without compulsive exercising. Int J Eat Disord. 1995;17:413–416
  10. Fairburn CG, Marcus MD, Wilson GT. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for binge eating and bulimia nervosa. A comprehensive treatment manual. In:  Fairburn CG,  Wilson GT editor. Binge eating: nature, assessment and treatment. New York: The Guildford Press; 1993;p. 361–404
  11. Strober M, Freeman R, Morrell W. The long-term course of severe anorexia nervosa in adolescents: survival analysis of recovery, relapse, and outcome predictors over 10-15 years in a prospective study. Int J Eat Disord. 1997;22:339–360
  12. Dalle Grave R. A multi-step cognitive behaviour therapy for eating disorders. Eur Eat Dis Rev. 2005;13:373–382
  13. Dalle Grave R. Terapia Cognitivo Comportamentale dei Disturbi dell'Alimentazione Durante il Ricovero. Verona: Positive Press; 2005;
  14. Cooper Z, Cooper PJ, Fairburn CG. The validity of the eating disorder examination and its subscales. Br J Psychiatry. 1989;154:807–812
  15. Fairburn CG, Cooper Z. The eating disorder examination. In:  Fairburn CG,  Wilson GT editor. Binge eating. 12th ed.. New York: The Guilford Press; 1993;p. 317–360
  16. Wilson GT, Smith D. Assessment of bulimia nervosa: an evaluation of the eating disorder examination. Int J Eat Disord. 1989;8:173–179
  17. Mannucci E, Ricca V, Di Bernardo M, Rotella CM. Studio del comportamento alimentare con una intervista strutturata: la eating disorder examination. Il Diabete. 1996;8:127–131
  18. Fairburn CG, Walsh T. Atypical eating disorders (eating disorders not otherwise specified). In:  Fairburn CG,  Brownell KD editor. Eating disorders and obesity: a comprehensive handbook. 2nd ed.. New York: Guilford Press; 2002;p. 171–177
  19. Cloninger CR, Svrakic DM, Przybeck TR. The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI): a guide to its development and use. St Louis (Mo): Center for Psychobiology of Personality; 1994;
  20. Cloninger CR, Svrakic DM, Przybeck TR. A psychobiological model of temperament and character. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993;50:975–990
  21. Sato T, Hirano S, Narita T, Kusunoki K, Kato J, Goto M, et al. Temperament and character inventory dimensions as a predictor of response to antidepressant treatment in major depression. J Affect Disord. 1999;56:153–161
  22. Fassino S, Abbate-Daga G, Amianto F, Leombruni P, Boggio S, Rovera GG. Temperament and character profile of eating disorders: a controlled study with the Temperament and Character Inventory. Int J Eat Disord. 2002;32:412–425
  23. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1961;4:561–571
  24. Spielberger CD, Gorsuch RL, Lushene RE. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (self evaluation questionnaire). Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press; 1970;
  25. Ramanaiah NV, Franzen M, Schill T. A psychometric study of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. J Pers Assess. 1983;47:531–535
  26. Spielberger CD, Vagg PR. Psychometric properties of the STAI: a reply to Ramanaiah, Franzen, and Schill. J Pers Assess. 1984;48:95–97
  27. Baggio A, Ferrari R, Partinico M, Vidotto G, Visentin M. Il Beck Depression Inventory per la valutazione della depressione nel dolore cronico. Il contributo degli “item” somatici. Int J Pain Ther. 1997;7:4–11
  28. Lazzari R, Pancheri P. Questionario di Valutazione dell'Ansia di Stato e di Tratto (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory). Firenze: Organizzazioni Speciali; 1980;
  29. Shafran R, Cooper Z, Fairburn CG. Clinical perfectionism: a cognitive-behavioural analysis. Behav Res Ther. 2002;40:773–791
  30. Frost RO, Marten P, Lahart C, Rosenblate R. The dimensions of perfectionism. Cogn Ther Res. 1990;14:449–468
  31. Joiner T, Schmidt N. Dimensions of perfectionism, life stress, and depressed and anxious symptoms. J Soc Clin Psychol. 1995;14:165–183
  32. Sherry SB, Hewitt PL, Besser A, McGee BJ, Flett GL. Self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism in the Eating Disorder Inventory Perfectionism subscale. Int J Eat Disord. 2004;35:69–79
  33. Rizzardi M, Trombini G, Trombini Corazza E. Adattamento Italiano dell'Eating Disorder Inventory-2. Firenze: Organizzazioni Speciali; 1994;
  34. Yager J, Andersen AE. Clinical practice. Anorexia nervosa. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:1481–1488
  35. Holtkamp K, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Mika C, Heer M, Heussen N, Fichter M, et al. Elevated physical activity and low leptin levels co-occur in patients with anorexia nervosa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:5169–5174
  36. Exner C, Hebebrand J, Remschmidt H, Wewetzer C, Ziegler A, Herpertz S, et al. Leptin suppresses semistarvation induced hyperactivity in rats: implications for anorexia nervosa. Mol Psychiatry. 2000;5:476–481
  37. Finger FW. The effect of food deprivation and subsequent satiation upon general activity in the rat. J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1951;44:557–564
  38. Pirke KM, Broocks A, Wilckens T, Marquard R, Schweiger U. Starvation-induced hyperactivity in the rat: the role of endocrine and neurotransmitter changes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1993;17:287–294
  39. Anderson CB, Joyce PR, Carter FA, McIntosh VV, Bulik CM. The effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa on temperament and character as measured by the temperament and character inventory. Compr Psychiatry. 2002;43:182–188
  40. Vandereycken W, Vanderlinden J. Denial of illness and the use of self-reporting measures in anorexia nervosa patients. Int J Eat Disord. 1983;2:101–107
  41. Couturier JL, Lock J. Denial and minimization in adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2006;39:212–216

PII: S0010-440X(08)00002-3

doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2007.12.007

Comprehensive Psychiatry
Volume 49, Issue 4 , Pages 346-352 , July 2008

Article Tools