Comprehensive Psychiatry
Volume 49, Issue 4 , Pages 340-345 , July 2008

Self-reported combat stress indicators among troops deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan: an epidemiological study

  • Mark S. Riddle

      Affiliations

    • U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +1 301 787 9829.
    • ,
  • John W. Sanders

      Affiliations

    • U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt
    • ,
  • James J. Jones

      Affiliations

    • U.S. Army Forces Central Command, Troop Medical Clinic, Doha, Qatar
    • ,
  • Schuyler C. Webb

      Affiliations

    • Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA

References 

  1. Grossman D. On killing. II: The psychological cost of learning to kill. Int J Emerg Ment Health. 2001;3(3):137–144
  2. Hoge CW, Castro CA, Messer SC, McGurk D, Cotting DI, Koffman RL. Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(1):13–22
  3. Engel AG, Aquilino CA. Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan and mental health problems. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(17):1798–1800[author reply -800]
  4. Hoge CW, Terhakopian A, Castro CA, Messer SC, Engel CC. Association of posttraumatic stress disorder with somatic symptoms, health care visits, and absenteeism among Iraq war veterans. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164(1):150–153
  5. Hoge CW, Auchterlonie JL, Milliken CS. Mental health problems, use of mental health services, and attrition from military service after returning from deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan. JAMA. 2006;295(9):1023–1032
  6. Turner MA, Kiernan MD, McKechanie AG, Finch PJ, McManus FB, Neal LA. Acute military psychiatric casualties from the war in Iraq. Br J Psychiatry. 2005;186:476–479
  7. Iraqi Coalition Casualty Count. http://icasualties.org/oif/default.aspx. [cited 2006 21 January].
  8. Steele D. Bloody April. Army Magazine. 2004: Accessed April 16, 2006:http://www.ausa.org/www/armymag.nsf.
  9. Jones FD. Chapter 1: Psychiatric lessons of war. In:  Jones FD editors. War Psychiatry Textbook of Military Medicine Part I, Warfare, weaponry, and the casualty. vol. 4:Bethesda (Md): Office of the Surgeon General, United States Army Medical Department Center and School; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; 1995;p. 1–33
  10. Department of Defense. Military Personnel Statistics. Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, Accessed January 21, 2006.http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/index.html.
  11. Mental Health Advisory Team IV: Operation Iraqi Freedom 05-07 Final Report US Surgeon General, Department of the Army and Office of the Surgeon Multinational Force-Iraq, 2006. Accessed January 17, 2008.http://www.armymedicine.army.mil/news/mhat/mhat_iv/MHAT_IV_Report_17NOV06.pdf.
  12. Reyes VA, Hicklin TA. Anger in the combat zone. Mil Med. 2005;170(6):483–487
  13. Hoge CW. Deployment to the Iraq war and neuropsychological sequelae. JAMA. 2006;296(22):2678–2679[author reply 9-80]
  14. Jones FD. Psychiatric lessons of low-intensity wars. Ann Med Milit Fenn [Finland]. 1985;60:128–134
  15. Levav I, Greenfeld H, Baruch E. Psychiatric combat reactions during the Yom Kippur War. Am J Psychiatry. 1979;136(5):637–641
  16. Gahm GA, Lucenko BA, Retzlaff P, Fukuda S. Relative impact of adverse events and screened symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression among active duty soldiers seeking mental health care. J Clin Psychol. 2007;63(3):199–211
  17. Mental Health Advisory Team III: Operation Iraqi Freedom. Appendix A: WRAIR Report of Soldier Health & Well-Being Assessment. U.S. Surgeon General, Department of the Army, 2004.
  18. Riddle JR, Smith TC, Smith B, Corbeil TE, Engel CC, Wells TS, et al. Millennium cohort: the 2001-2003 baseline prevalence of mental disorders in the U.S. military. J Clin Epidemiol. 2007;60(2):192–201
  19. Williams JW, Mulrow CD, Kroenke K, Dhanda R, Badgett RG, Omori D, et al. Case-finding for depression in primary care: a randomized trial. Am J Med. 1999;106(1):36–43
  20. Glass AJ. Psychiatry in the Korean Campaign (Installment 1). U S Armed Forces Med J. 1953;(4):1387–1401

 The views expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Navy, Department of Defense, nor the U.S. Government.

 This work was supported by work unit number GEIS-E0018.

 Declaration of interest: All authors report no declaration of interest between funding source for this study.

 Copyright statement: I am a military service member. This work was prepared as part of my official duties. Title 17 U.S.C. §105 provides that ‘Copyright protection under this title is not available for any work of the United States Government.’ Title 17 U.S.C. §101 defines a US Government work as a work prepared by a military service member or employee of the US Government as part of that person's official duties.

PII: S0010-440X(07)00174-5

doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2007.07.007

Comprehensive Psychiatry
Volume 49, Issue 4 , Pages 340-345 , July 2008

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