Comprehensive Psychiatry
Volume 48, Issue 2 , Pages 170-177 , March 2007

Narcissistic personality disorder: relations with distress and functional impairment

  • Joshua D. Miller

      Affiliations

    • University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. Fax: +1 706 542 8048.
    • ,
  • W. Keith Campbell

      Affiliations

    • University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
    • ,
  • Paul A. Pilkonis

      Affiliations

    • Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

References 

  1. Paris J. Personality disorders over time: precursors, course and outcome. J Personal Disord. 2003;17:479–488
  2. Links PS, Gould B, Ratnayake R. Assessing suicidal youth with antisocial, borderline, or narcissistic personality disorder. Can J Psychiatry. 2003;48:301–310
  3. Raskin RN, Terry H. A principle components analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and further evidence of its construct validity. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1988;54:890–902
  4. Trull TJ, McCrae RR. A five-factor perspective on personality disorder research. In:  Costa PT,  Widiger TA editor. Personality disorders and the five-factor model of personality. Washington (DC): American Psychological Association; 2002;p. 45–58
  5. Costa PT, McCrae RR. The NEO Personality Inventory manual. Odessa (Fla): Psychological Assessment Resources; 1985;
  6. Blais MA, Hilsenroth MJ, Castlebury FD. Content validity of the DSM-IV borderline and narcissistic personality disorder criteria sets. Compr Psychiatry. 1997;38:31–37
  7. Fossati A, Beauchaine TP, Grazioli F, Carretta I, Cortinovis F, Maffei C. A latent structure analysis of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Narcissistic Personality Disorder criteria. Compr Psychiatry. 2005;46:361–367
  8. Holdwick DJ, Hilsenroth MJ, Castlebury FD, Blais MA. Identifying the unique and common characteristics among the DSM-IV antisocial, borderline and narcissistic personality disorders. Compr Psychiatry. 1998;39:277–286
  9. American Psychiatric Association . Diagnostic and statistical manual. 4th ed., text revision. 2000;[Washington, DC]
  10. Drake RE, Vaillant GE. A validity study of Axis II of DSM-III. Am J Psychiatry. 1985;142:553–558
  11. Pilkonis PA, Heape CL, Ruddy J, Serrao PS. Validity in the diagnosis of personality disorders: the use of the LEAD standard. Psychol Assess. 1991;3:46–54
  12. Zanarini MC, Frankenburg FR, Hennen J, Reich B, Silk KR. Psychosocial functioning of borderline patients and Axis II comparison subjects followed prospectively for six years. J Personal Disord. 2005;19:19–29
  13. Skodol AE, Gunderson JG, McGlashan TH, Dyck IR, Stout RL, Bender DS, et al. Functional impairment in patients with schizotypal, borderline, avoidant, or obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159:276–283
  14. Saulsman LM, Page AC. The five-factor model and personality disorder empirical literature: a meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2004;23:1055–1085
  15. Watson PJ, Sawrie SM, Greene RL, Arredondo R. Narcissism and depression: MMPI-2 evidence for the continuum hypothesis in clinical samples. J Pers Assess. 2002;79:85–109
  16. Butcher JN, Dahlstrom WG, Graham JR, Tellegen A, Kaemmer B. MMPI-2: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2: manual for administration and scoring. Minneapolis (Minn): University of Minnesota Press; 1989;
  17. Junemann SH. Affective disorders, personality and personality disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2003;108:34–40
  18. Pfohl B, Black DW, Noyes R, Coryell WH, Barrash J. Axis I and II comorbidity findings: implications for validity. In:  Oldham JM editors. Personality disorders: new perspectives on diagnostic validity. Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Press; 1991;p. 145–161
  19. Alnaes R, Torgersen S. The relationship between DSM-III symptom disorders (Axis I) and personality disorder (Axis II) in an outpatient population. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1988;78:485–492
  20. Skodol AE, Stout RL, McGlashan TH, Grilo CM, Gunderson JG, Shea MT, et al. Co-occurrence of mood and personality disorders: a report from the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study (CLPS). Depress Anxiety. 1999;10:175–182
  21. Sedikides C, Rudich EA, Gregg AP, Kumashiro M, Rusbult C. Are normal narcissists psychologically healthy? Self-esteem matters. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2004;87:400–416
  22. Rose P. The happy and unhappy faces of narcissism. Pers Individ Differ. 2002;33:379–392
  23. Campbell WK. Is narcissism really so bad?. Psychol Inq. 2001;12:214–216
  24. Campbell WK, Foster CA, Finkel EJ. Does self-love lead to love for others? A story of narcissistic game playing. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2002;83:340–354
  25. Bushman BJ, Baumeister RF. Threatened egotism, narcissism, self-esteem, and direct and displaced aggression: does self-love or self-hate lead to violence?. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1999;76:367–376
  26. Campbell WK, Bush CP, Brunell AB, Shelton J. Understanding the social costs of narcissism: the case of tragedy of the commons. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2006;31:1358–1368
  27. Oltmanns TF, Friedman JN, Fiedler ER, Turkheimer E. Perceptions of people with personality disorders based on thin slices of behavior. J Res Pers. 2004;38:216–229
  28. Paulhus DL. Interpersonal and intrapsychic adaptiveness of trait self-enhancement: a mixed blessing?. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1998;74:1197–1208
  29. Colvin CR, Block J, Funder DC. Overly positive self-evaluations and personality: negative implications for mental health. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1995;68:1152–1162
  30. Betan E, Heim AK, Conklin CZ, Westen D. Countertransference phenomena and personality pathology in clinical practice: an empirical investigation. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:890–898
  31. Pilkonis PA, Heape CL, Proietti JM, Clark SW, McDavid JD, Pitts TE. The reliability and validity of two structured diagnostic interviews for personality disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995;52:1025–1033
  32. Hyler SE. Personality Disorder Questionnaire-4. Unpublished test, NYSPI. 1994.
  33. Curran PJ, West SG, Finch JF. The robustness of test statistics to nonnormality and specification error in confirmatory factor analysis. Psychol Methods. 1996;1:16–29

PII: S0010-440X(06)00112-X

doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2006.10.003

Comprehensive Psychiatry
Volume 48, Issue 2 , Pages 170-177 , March 2007

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution