Comprehensive Psychiatry
Volume 47, Issue 1 , Pages 35-41 , January 2006

A comparative study of nonspecific depressive symptoms and minor depression regarding functional impairment and associated characteristics in primary care

References 

  1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed.. Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Association; 1994;
  2. Dilling H, Mombour W, Schmidt MH. Internationale Klassifikation psychischer Störungen: ICD-10, Kapitel V (F). 2nd ed.. Göttingen: Huber; 1993;
  3. Helmchen H, Linden M. Subthreshold disorders in psychiatry: clinical reality, methodological artifact, and the double-threshold problem. Compr Psychiatry. 2000;41:1–7
  4. Pincus HA, Davis WW, McQueen LE. ‘Subthreshold’ mental disorders: a review and synthesis of studies on minor depression and other ‘brand names’. Br J Psychiatry. 1999;174:288–296
  5. Judd LL, Rapaport MH, Paulus MP, Brown JL. Subsyndromal symptomatic depression: a new mood disorder?. J Clin Psychiatry. 1994;55(Suppl):18–28
  6. Barrett JE, Barrett JA, Oxman TE, Gerber PD. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in a primary care practice. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1988;45:1100–1106
  7. Kessler RC, Zhao S, Blazer DG, Swartz M. Prevalence, correlates, and course of minor depression and major depression in the National Comorbidity Survey. J Affect Disord. 1997;45:19–30
  8. Rucci P, Gherardi S, Tansella M, Piccinelli M, Berardi D, Bisoffi G, et al. Subthreshold psychiatric disorders in primary care: prevalence and associated characteristics. J Affect Disord. 2003;76:171–181
  9. Johnson J, Weissman MM, Klerman GL. Service utilization and social morbidity associated with depressive symptoms in the community. JAMA. 1992;267:1478–1483
  10. Horwath E, Johnson J, Klerman GL, Weissman M. Depressive symptoms as relative and attributable risk factors for first-onset major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992;49:817–823
  11. Kühn KU, Quednow BB, Barkow K, Heun R, Linden M, Maier W. Chronifizierung und psychosoziale Behinderung durch depressive Erkrankungen bei Patienten in der Allgemeinarztpraxis im Einjahresverlauf: ergebnisse aus einer Studie der Weltgesundheitsorganisation. Nervenarzt. 2002;73:644–650
  12. Wagner HR, Burns BJ, Broadhead WE, Yarnall KSH, Sigmon A, Gaynes BN. Minor depression in family practice: functional morbidity, co-morbidity, service utilization and outcomes. Psychol Med. 2000;30:1377–1390
  13. Hays RD, Wells KB, Sherbourne CD, Rogers W, Spritzer K. Functioning and well-being outcomes of patients with depression compared with chronic general medical illnesses. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995;52:11–19
  14. Middleton H, Shaw I. Distinguishing mental illness in primary care. We need to separate proper syndromes from generalised distress. BMJ. 2000;320:1420–1421
  15. Magruder KM, Calderone GE. Public health consequences of different thresholds for the diagnosis of mental disorders. Compr Psychiatry. 2000;41:14–18
  16. Akiskal HS, Brieger P, Mundt Ch, Angst J, Marneros A. Temperament und affektive Storungen. Die TEMPS-A-Skala als Konvergenz europaischer und US-amerikanischer Konzepte (Temperament and affective disorders. The TEMPS-A Scale as a convergence of European and US-American concepts), Nervenarzt. 2002;73:262–271
  17. Angst J, Merikangas K. The depressive spectrum: diagnostic classification and course. J Affect Disord. 1997;45:31–39
  18. Angst J, Sellaro R, Merikangas KR. Depressive spectrum diagnoses. Compr Psychiatry. 2000;40(Suppl 1):39–47
  19. Judd LL, Akiskal HS, Paulus MP. The role and clinical significance of subsyndromal depressive symptoms (SSD) in unipolar major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord. 1997;45:5–17
  20. Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB. Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: the PHQ primary care study. JAMA. 1999;282:1737–1744
  21. Löwe B, Zipfel S, Herzog W. Gesundheitsfragebogen für Patienten (PHQ-D). Komplettversion und Kurzform. Testmappe mit vorläufigem Manual, Fragebögen, Schablonen. Karlsruhe: Pfizer; 2001;
  22. Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Kroenke K, Linzer M, deGruy FV, Hahn SR, et al. Utility of a new procedure for diagnosing mental disorders in primary care: the PRIME-MD 1000 study. JAMA. 1994;272:1749–1756
  23. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16:606–613
  24. Löwe B, Spitzer RL, Grafe K, Kroenke K, Quenter A, Zipfel S, et al. Comparative validity of three screening questionnaires for DSM-IV depressive disorders and physicians' diagnoses. J Affect Disord. 2004;78:131–140
  25. Johnson JG, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. Health problems, impairment and illnesses associated with bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder among primary care and obstetric gynaecology patients. Psychol Med. 2001;31:1455–1466
  26. Kroenke K, West SL, Swindle R, Gilsenan A, Eckert GJ, Dolor R, et al. Similar effectiveness of paroxetine, fluoxetine, and sertraline in primary care: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2001;286:2947–2955
  27. SAS Institute Inc. In: 4th ed.. SAS/STAT User's Guide, Version 6. vol. 1 and 2:Cary (NC): SAS Institute Inc; 1989;p. 125–154
  28. Weissman MM, Bruce ML, Leaf PJ, Florio LP, Holzer C. Affective disorders. In:  Regier DA,  Robins LN editor. Psychiatric disorders in America: the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. New York: Free Press; 1991;p. 53–80
  29. Harpole LH, Williams JW, Olsen MK, Stechuchak KM, Oddone E, Callahan CM, et al. Improving depression outcomes in older adults with comorbid medical illness. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2005;27:4–12
  30. Paykel ES, Hollyman JA, Freeling P, Sedgwick P. Predictors of therapeutic benefit from amitriptyline in mild depression: a general practice placebo-controlled trial. J Affect Disord. 1988;14:83–95
  31. Rapaport MH, Judd LL. Minor depressive disorder and subsyndromal depressive symptoms: functional impairment and response to treatment. J Affect Disord. 1998;48:227–232
  32. Fava GA. Well-being therapy: conceptual and technical issues. Psychother Psychosom. 1999;68:171–179
  33. Barrett JE, Williams J-WJ, Oxman TE, Katon W, Frank E, Hegel MT, et al. The treatment effectiveness project. A comparison of the effectiveness of paroxetine, problem-solving therapy, and placebo in the treatment of minor depression and dysthymia in primary care patients: background and research plan. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 1999;21:260–273

 This study was supported by the Medical Faculty of the University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (project 2221/2000).

PII: S0010-440X(05)00056-8

doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2005.04.007

Comprehensive Psychiatry
Volume 47, Issue 1 , Pages 35-41 , January 2006