Comprehensive Psychiatry
Volume 46, Issue 5 , Pages 353-360 , September 2005

Associations of benzodiazepine craving with other clinical variables in a population of general practice patients

  • Audrey J.J. Mol

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre St. Radboud, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Rijngeest Groep, Centrum Autisme, PO Box 750, 2300 AT Leiden, The Netherlands. Tel.: +31 71 8907800; fax: +31 71 8907801.
  • ,
  • Wim J.M.J. Gorgels

      Affiliations

    • Department of General Practice and Family Medicine, Radboud University, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
  • ,
  • Richard C. Oude Voshaar

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre St. Radboud, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
  • ,
  • Marinus H.M. Breteler

      Affiliations

    • Department of Clinical Psychology, Radboud University, PO Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands
  • ,
  • Anton J.L.M. van Balkom

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry and Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine, VU University Medical Centre, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
  • ,
  • Eloy H. van de Lisdonk

      Affiliations

    • Department of General Practice and Family Medicine, Radboud University, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
  • ,
  • Cornelius C. Kan

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre St. Radboud, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
  • ,
  • Frans G. Zitman

      Affiliations

    • Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands

References 

  1. World Health Organization. The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: diagnostic criteria for research. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1992;
  2. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed.. Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Association; 1994;
  3. Tiffany ST. The role of cognitive factors in reactivity to drug cues. In:  Drummond DC,  Tiffany ST,  Glautier S,  Remington B editor. Addictive Behaviour: Cue Exposure Theory and Practice. The Wiley Series in Clinical Psychology. Oxford (England): Wiley; 1995;p. 137–165
  4. Singleton EG, Gorelick DA. Mechanisms of alcohol craving and their clinical implications. In:  Garlanter M editors. Recent Developments in Alcoholism, volume 14: The Consequences of Alcoholism. New York: Plenum; 1998;p. 177–195
  5. Lowman CL, Hunt WA, Litten RZ, Drummond DC. Research perspectives on alcohol craving: An overview. Addiction. 2000;95:S45–S54
  6. Drummond DC. Theories of drug craving, ancient and modern. Addiction. 2001;96:33–46
  7. Verheul R, Van den Brink W, Geerlings P. A three-pathway psychobiological model of craving for alcohol. Alcohol Alcohol. 1999;34:197–222
  8. Greeley JD, Swift W, Heather N. Depressed affect as a predictor of increased desire for alcohol in current drinkers of alcohol. Br J Addict. 1992;87:1005–1012
  9. Greeley JD, Swift W. Reactivity of alcohol-related cues in heavy and light drinkers. J Stud Alcohol. 1993;54:359–368
  10. Litt MD, Cooney NL, Morse P. Reactivity to alcohol-related stimuli in the laboratory and in the field: predictors of craving in treated alcoholics. Addiction. 2000;95:889–900
  11. Reuter M, Netter P. The influence of personality on nicotine craving: a hierarchical multivariate statistical prediction model. Neuropsychobiology. 2001;44:47–53
  12. Elman I, Karlsgodt KH, Gastfriend DR, Chabris CF, Breiter HC. Cocaine-primed craving and its relationship to depressive symptomatology in individuals with cocaine dependence. J Psychopharmacol. 2002;16:163–167
  13. Kan CC, Breteler MHM, Zitman FG. High prevalence of benzodiazepine dependence in out-patient users, based on the DSM-III-R and ICD-10 criteria. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1997;96:85–93
  14. Lader M. History of benzodiazepine dependence. J Subst Abuse Treat. 1991;8:53–59
  15. Zandstra SM, Furer JW, Van de Lisdonk EH, Van 't Hof M, Bor JHJ, Van Weel C, et al. Different study criteria affect the prevalence of benzodiazepine use. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2002;37:139–144
  16. Mol AJJ, Oude Voshaar RC, Gorgels WJMJ, Breteler MHM, Van Balkom AJLM, Van de Lisdonk EH, et al. Development and psychometric evaluation of the benzodiazepine craving questionnaire. Addiction. 2003;98:1143–1152
  17. Tiffany ST, Drobes DJ. The development and initial validation of a questionnaire on smoking urges. Br J Addict. 1991;86:1467–1476
  18. Tiffany ST, Singleton E, Haertzen CA, Henningfield JE. The development of a cocaine craving questionnaire. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1993;34:19–28
  19. Oude Voshaar RC, Gorgels WJMJ, Mol AJJ, Van Balkom AJLM, Breteler MHM, Van de Lisdonk EH, et al. Predictors of relapse after discontinuation of long-term benzodiazepine use by minimal intervention; a 2-year follow-up study. Fam Pract. 2003;20:370–372
  20. Oude Voshaar RC, Gorgels WJMJ, Mol AJJ, Van Balkom AJLM, Van de Lisdonk EH, Breteler MHM, et al. Tapering off long-term benzodiazepine use with or without group cognitive-behavioural therapy: three-condition, randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2003;182:498–504
  21. Cormack MA, Sweeney KG, Hughes-Jones H, Foot GA. Evaluation of an easy, cost-effective strategy for cutting benzodiazepine use in general practice. Br J Gen Pract. 1994;44:5–8
  22. Cornel M, Knibbe RA, Van Zutphen WM, Drop MJ. Problem drinking in a general practice population: the construction of an interval scale for severity of problem drinking. J Stud Alcohol. 1994;55:466–470
  23. Kan CC, Breteler MHM, Timmermans EA, Van der Ven AHGS, Zitman FG. Scalability, reliability, and validity of the benzodiazepine dependence self-report questionnaire in outpatient benzodiazepine users. Compr Psychiatry. 1999;40:283–291
  24. Oude Voshaar RC, Mol AJJ, Gorgels WJMJ, Breteler MHM, Van Balkom AJLM, Van de Lisdonk EH, et al. Cross-validation, predictive validity, and time course of the Benzodiazepine Dependence Self-report Questionnaire in a Benzodiazepine Discontinuation Trial. Compr Psychiatry. 2003;44:247–255
  25. Tyrer P, Murphy S, Riley P. The benzodiazepine withdrawal symptom questionnaire. J Affect Disord. 1990;19:53–61
  26. Couvée JE, Zitman FG. The Benzodiazepine Withdrawal Symptom Questionnaire: psychometric evaluation of BWSQ during a discontinuation program in depressed chronic benzodiazepine users in general practice. Addiction. 2002;97:337–345
  27. Luteijn F, Kok AR. NVM: Nederlands Verkorte MMPI (NVM: Dutch shortened MMPI), Lisse, the Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger BV; 1985;
  28. Wald FDM, Mellenbergh GJ. De verkorte versie van de Nederlandse vertaling van de Profile of Mood States (POMS) (The shortened version of the Dutch translation of the Profile of Mood States (POMS)), Ned Tijdschr Psychol. 1990;45:86–90
  29. Goldberg DP, Gater R, Sartorius N, Ustun TB, Piccinelli M, Gureje O, et al. The validity of two versions of the GHQ in the WHO study of mental illness in general health care. Psychol Med. 1997;27:191–197
  30. Ware JE, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36): I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care. 1992;30:473–483
  31. Van der Zee KI, Sanderman R. Het meten van de algemene gezondheidstoestand met de RAND-36. Ean handleiding (Measuring general health status with the RAND-36. Users manual), Groningen, the Netherlands: Northern Center for Health Care Research; 1993;
  32. Koeter MWJ, Ormel J. General Health Questionnaire. Nederlandse bewerking (General Health Questionnaire. Dutch adaptation), Lisse, the Netherlands: Swets Test Services; 1998;
  33. Litt MD, Cooney NL, Kadden RM, Gaupp L. Alcohol cue reactivity. Addict Behav. 1990;15:137–146
  34. Kozlowski LT, Wilkinson DA. Use and misuse of the concept of craving by alcohol, tobacco, and drug researchers. Br J Addict. 1987;82:31–45
  35. Shiffman S. Comments on Kozlowski & Wilkinson's ‘Use and misuse of the concept of craving by alcohol, tobacco, and drug researchers’. Craving: don't let us throw the baby out with the bathwater. Br J Addict. 1987;82:37–38
  36. Drummond DC, Cooper T, Glautier SP. Conditioned learning in alcohol dependence: mplications for cue exposure treatment. Br J Addict. 1990;85:725–743
  37. Schachter S, Singer J. Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state. Psychol Rev. 1962;69:379–399
  38. Tiffany ST. A cognitive model of drug urges and drug-use behavior: role of automatic and nonautomatic processes. Psychol Rev. 1990;97:147–168
  39. Watson D, Pennebaker W. Health complaints, stress, and distress: exploring the central role of negative affectivity. Psychol Rev. 1989;96:234–254

PII: S0010-440X(05)00004-0

doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2005.01.002

Comprehensive Psychiatry
Volume 46, Issue 5 , Pages 353-360 , September 2005