Comprehensive Psychiatry
Volume 45, Issue 5 , Pages 392-400 , September 2004

Relationship between psychopathology and cognitive functioning in schizophrenia

  • Vasilis P. Bozikas

      Affiliations

    • 1st Department of Psychiatry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Giannitsa, Greece
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Dr. Vasilis P. Bozikas, 19 Iatrou Magou Str, 58100 Giannitsa, Greece
    • ,
  • Mary H. Kosmidis

      Affiliations

    • 1st Department of Psychiatry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Giannitsa, Greece
    • Department of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Giannitsa, Greece
    • ,
  • Konstantina Kioperlidou

      Affiliations

    • 1st Department of Psychiatry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Giannitsa, Greece
    • ,
  • Athanasios Karavatos

      Affiliations

    • 1st Department of Psychiatry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Giannitsa, Greece

References 

  1. Heinrichs RW, Zakzanis KK. Neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia (a quantitative review of the evidence). Neuropsychology. 1998;12:426–445
  2. Hoff AL, Riordan H, O’Donnel DW, Morris L, DeLisi LE. Neuropsychological functioning of first-episode schizophreniform patients. Am J Psychiatry. 1992;149:898–903
  3. Mohamed S, Paulsen JS, O’Leary D, Arndt S, Andreasen N. Generalized cognitive deficits in schizophrenia (a study of first episode). Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56:749–754
  4. Hutton SB, Puri BK, Duncan L-J, Robbins TW, Barnes TRE, Joyce EM. Executive function in first-episode schizophrenia. Psychol Med. 1998;28:463–473
  5. Riley EM, McGovern D, Mockler D, Dolu VCK, Óceallaigh S, Fannon DG, et al.  Neuropsychological functioning in first-episode psychosis—evidence of specific deficits. Schizophr Res. 2000;43:47–55
  6. Nieuwenstein MR, Aleman A, de Haan EHF. Relationship between symptom dimensions and neurocognitive functioning in schizophrenia (a meta-analysis of WCST and CPT studies). J Psychiatr Res. 2001;35:119–125
  7. Addington J, Addington D, Maticka-Tyndale E. Cognitive functioning and positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 1991;5:123–134
  8. Collins AA, Remington GJ, Coulter K, Birkett K. Insight, neurocognitive function and symptom clusters in chronic schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 1997;27:37–44
  9. Voruganti LNP, Heslegrave RJ, Awad AG. Neurocognitive correlates of positive and negative syndromes in schizophrenia. Can J Psychiatry. 1997;42:1066–1071
  10. Basso MR, Nasrallah HA, Olson SC, Bornstein RA. Neuropsychological correlates of negative, disorganized and psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 1998;31:99–111
  11. Carter C, Robertson L, Nordahl T, Chaderjian M, Kraft L, O’Shora-Celaya L. Spatial working memory deficits and their relationship to negative symptoms in unmedicated schizophrenia patients. Biol Psychiatry. 1996;40:930–932
  12. Keefe RSE. Working memory dysfunction and its relevance to schizophrenia. In:  Sharma T,  Harvey P editor. Cognition in Schizophrenia (Impairments, Importance and Treatment Strategies). New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2000;p. 16–50
  13. Green M, Walker E. Attentional performance in positive and negative symptom schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1986;174:208–213
  14. Walker E, Harvey P. Positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia (attentional performance correlates). Psychopathology. 1986;19:294–302
  15. Berman I, Viegner B, Merson A, Allan E, Pappas D, Green AI. Differential relationships between positive and negative symptoms and neuropsychological deficits in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 1997;25:1–10
  16. Holthausen EAE, Wiersma D, Knegtering RH, Van den Bosch RJ. Psychopathology and cognition in schizophrenia spectrum disorders (the role of depressive symptoms). Schizophr Res. 1999;39:65–71
  17. Norman RMG, Malla AK, Morrison-Stewart SL, Helmes E, Willianson PC, Thomas J, et al. Neuropsychological correlates of syndromes in schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry. 1997;170:134–139
  18. Brébion G, Smith MJ, Amador X, Malaspina D, Gorman JM. Clinical correlates of memory in schizophrenia (differential links between depression, positive and negative symptoms, and two types of memory impairment). Am J Psychiatry. 1997;154:1538–1543
  19. Moritz S, Andresen B, Jacobsen D, Mersmann K, Wilke U, Lambert M, et al.  Neuropsychological correlates of schizophrenic syndromes in patients treated with atypical neuroleptics. Eur Psychiatry. 2001;16:354–361
  20. Cameron AM, Oram J, Geffen GM, Kavanagh DJ, McGrath JJ, Geffen LB. Working memory correlates of three symptom clusters in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2002;110:49–61
  21. Palmer BW, Heaton RK. Executive dysfunction in schizophrenia. In:  Sharma T,  Harvey P editor. Cognition in Schizophrenia (Impairments, Importance and Treatment Strategies). New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2000;p. 51–72
  22. Keilp JG, Sweeney JA, Jacobsen P, Solomon C, St Louis L, Deck M, et al.  Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia (specific relations to ventricular size and negative symptomatology). Biol Psychiatry. 1988;24:47–55
  23. Stolar N, Berenbaum H, Banich MT, Barch D. Neuropsychological correlates of alogia and affective flattening in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 1994;35:164–172
  24. Aleman A, Hijman R, de Haan EHF, Kahn RS. Memory impairment in schizophrenia (a meta-analysis). Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156:1358–1366
  25. Van den Bosch RJ, Rombouts RP, van Asma MJ. What determines continuous performance task performance?. Schizophr Bull. 1996;22:643–651
  26. Schuepbach D, Keshavan MS, Kmiec JA, Sweeney JA. Negative symptom resolution and improvements in specific cognitive deficits after acute treatment in first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2002;53:249–261
  27. Censits DM, Ragland JD, Gur RC, Gur RE. Neuropsychological evidence supporting a neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia (a longitudinal study). Schizophr Res. 1997;24:289–298
  28. Gold S, Arndt S, Nopoulos P, O’Leary DS, Andreasen NC. Longitudinal study of cognitive function in first-episode and recent-onset schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156:1342–1348
  29. Hoff AL, Sakuma M, Wieneke M, Horon R, Kushmer M, DeLisi LE. Longitudinal neuropsychological follow-up study of patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156:1336–1341
  30. Hughes C, Kumari V, Soni W, Das M, Binneman B, Drozd S, et al.  Longitudinal study of symptoms and cognitive function in chronic schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2002;59:137–146
  31. American Psychiatric Association . DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders). Ed. 4. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1994;
  32. Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, Amorim P, Janavs J, Weiller E, et al.  The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric (M.I.N.I) (the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10). J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59(Suppl 20):22–33
  33. Lykouras E, Botsis A, Oulis P. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) (in Greek). Athens, Greece: Tsiveriotis; 1994;
  34. Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 1987;13:261–276
  35. Lykouras L, Oulis P, Psarros K, Daskalopoulou E, Botsis A, Christodoulou GN, et al.  Five-factor model of schizophrenic psychopathology (how valid is it?). Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2000;250:93–100
  36. Opler LA, Kay SR, Lindenmayer J, Fiszbein A. SCI-PANSS. Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems; 1992;
  37. Chouinard G, Ross-Chouinard A, Annable L, Jones BD. Extrapyramidal rating scale. Can J Neurol Sci. 1980;7:233
  38. Owens DGC. A Guide to the Extrapyramidal Side-effects of Antipsychotic Drugs. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1999;
  39. Heaton RK, Chelune GJ, Talley JL, Kay GG, Curtiss G. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (Revised and Expanded). Odessa, FL: Psychological Assesment Resources; 1993;
  40. Stroop JR. Studies of interference in series verbal reactions. J Exp Psychol. 1935;18:643–662
  41. Kosmidis MH, Vlahou CH, Panagiotaki P, Kiosseoglou G. The verbal fluency task in the Greek population (normative data and clustering and switching strategies). J Int Neuropsychol. 2004;10:164–172
  42. Reitan RM. Validity of the Trail Making Test as an indicator of organic brain damage. Percept Mot Skills. 1958;8:271–276
  43. Vlahou CH, Kosmidis MH. The Greek Trail Making Test (preliminary normative data for clinical and research use). Psychology (in Greek). 2002;9:336–352
  44. Jones-Gotman M, Milner B. Design fluency (the invention of nonsense drawings after focal cortical lesions). Neuropsychologia. 1977;15:653–674
  45. Delis DC, Kramer JH, Kaplan E, Ober BA. California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) Manual. New York, NY: Psychological Corp; 1987;
  46. Taylor EM. Psychological Appraisal of Children With Cerebelar Deficits. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1959;
  47. Wechsler D. Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Third Edition. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corp; 1997;
  48. Wechsler D. Wechsler Memory Scale—Third Edition. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corp; 1997;
  49. Hooper HE. The Hooper Visual Organization Test. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services; 1957;
  50. Owen AM. The neuropsychological sequelae of frontal lobe damage. In:  Harrison JE,  Owen AM editor. Cognitive Deficits in Brain Disorders. London, UK: Martin Dunitz; 2002;p. 79–97
  51. Cannon TD, Zorrilla LE, Shtasel D, Gur RE, Gur RC, Marco EJ, et al.  Neuropsychological functioning in siblings discordant for schizophrenia and healthy volunteers. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51:651–661
  52. Heaton R, Paulsen JS, McAdams LA, Kuck J, Zisook S, Braff D, et al.  Neuropsychological deficits in schizophrenics (relationship to age, chronicity, and dementia). Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51:469–476
  53. Seidman LJ, Kremen WS, Koren D, Faraone SV, Goldstein JM, Tsuang MT. A comparative profile analysis of neuropsychological functioning in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar psychoses. Schizophr Res. 2002;53:31–44
  54. Saykin AJ, Shtasel DL, Gur RE, Kester DB, Mozley LH, Stafiniak P, et al.  Neuropsychological deficits in neuroleptic naive patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Arch Gen. Psychiatry. 1994;51:124–131
  55. Bryson G, Bell M, Greig T, Kaplan E. Internal consistency, temporal stability and neuropsychological correlates of three cognitive components of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Schizophr Res. 1999;38:27–35
  56. Moritz S, Heeren D, Andresen B, Krausz M. An analysis of the specificity and the syndromal correlates of verbal memory impairments in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2001;101:23–31
  57. Anderson JE, Wible CG, McCarley RW, Jakab M, Kasai K, Shenton ME. An MRI study of temporal lobe abnormalities and negative symptoms in chronic schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2002;58:123–134
  58. Rossell SL, Rabe-Hesketh SS, Shapleske JS, David AS. Is semantic fluency differentially impaired in schizophrenic patients with delusions?. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1999;21:629–642
  59. Pantelis C, Maruff P. The cognitive neuropsychiatric approach to investigating the neurobiology of schizophrenia and other disorders. J Psychosom Res. 2002;53:655–664
  60. Johnsrude IS. The neuropsychological consequences of temporal lobe lesions. In:  Harrison JE,  Owen AM editor. Cognitive Deficits in Brain Disorders. London, UK: Martin Dunitz; 2002;p. 37–57
  61. Gourovitch ML, Kirkby BS, Goldberg TE, Weinberger DR, Gold JM, Esposito G, et al.  A comparison of rCBF patterns during letter and semantic fluency. Neuropsychology. 2000;14:353–360
  62. Addington J. Cognitive functioning and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. In:  Sharma T,  Harvey P editor. Cognition in Schizophrenia (Impairments, Importance and Treatment Strategies). New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2000;p. 193–209
  63. Seaton BE, Goldstein G, Allen DN. Sources of heterogeneity in schizophrenia (The role of neuropsychological functioning). Neuropsychol Rev. 2001;11:45–67
  64. Marneros A, Deister A, Rohde A. Validity of the negative/positive dichotomy for schizophrenic disorders under long-term conditions. Schizophr Res. 1992;7:117–123
  65. Heinrichs RW, Awad AG. Neurocognitive subtypes of chronic schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 1993;9:49–58
  66. Seaton BE, Allen DN, Goldstein G, Kelley ME, Van Kammen DP. Relations between cognitive and symptom profile heterogeneity in schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1999;187:414–419
  67. Palmer BW, Heaton RK, Paulsen JS, Kuck J, Braff D, Harris MJ, et al.  Is it possible to be schizophrenic yet neuropsychologically normal?. Neuropsychology. 1997;11:437–446
  68. Allen DN, Seaton BE, Goldstein G, Sanders RD, Gurklis JA, Peters JL, et al.  Neuroanatomic differences among cognitive and symptom subtypes of schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2000;188:381–384
  69. Goldberg TE, Hyde TM, Kleinman JE, Weinberger DR. Course of schizophrenia (neuropsychological evidence for a static encephalopathy). Schizophr Bull. 1993;19:797–804
  70. Zorrila LTE, Heaton RK, McAdams LA, Zisook S, Harris MJ, Jeste DV. Cross-sectional study of older outpatients with schizophrenia and healthy comparison subjects (no differences in age-related cognitive decline). Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157:1324–1326
  71. PERSIST Study Group Moritz S, Andresen B, Perro C, Schickel M, Krausz M, et al.  Neurocognitive performance in first-episode and chronic schizophrenic patients. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2002;252:33–37
  72. Rund BR. A review of longitudinal studies of cognitive functions in schizophrenia patients. Schizophr Bull. 1998;24:425–435
  73. Heaton RK, Gladsjo JA, Palmer BW, Kuck J, Marcotte TD, Jeste DV. Stability and course of neuropsychological deficits in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58:24–32
  74. Fucetola R, Seidman LJ, Kremen WS, Faraone SV, Goldstein JM, Tsuang MT. Age and neuropsychologic function in schizophrenia (a decline in executive abilities beyond that observed in healthy volunteers). Biol Psychiatry. 2000;48:137–146

PII: S0010-440X(04)00042-2

doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2004.03.006

Comprehensive Psychiatry
Volume 45, Issue 5 , Pages 392-400 , September 2004

Article Tools