Comprehensive Psychiatry
Volume 44, Issue 4 , Pages 331-340 , July 2003

Exploring cognitive complaints in schizophrenia: the subjective scale to investigate cognition in schizophrenia

  • E Stip

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Dr. Emmanuel Stip, Centre de Recherche Fernand-Seguin, 7331, rue Hochelaga, Montréal, Qc H1N 3V2, Canada
    • Université de Montreal, Montreal, Canada
    • Hopital L.H. Lafontaine, Montreal, Canada
    • Centre de Recherche Fernand Seguin, Montreal, Canada
  • ,
  • J Caron

      Affiliations

    • Université de Montreal, Montreal, Canada
  • ,
  • S Renaud

      Affiliations

    • Université de Montreal, Montreal, Canada
  • ,
  • T Pampoulova

      Affiliations

    • Hopital L.H. Lafontaine, Montreal, Canada
    • Centre de Recherche Fernand Seguin, Montreal, Canada
  • ,
  • Y Lecomte

      Affiliations

    • Université de Montreal, Montreal, Canada
    • Centre de recherche Hopital Douglas, Montreal, Canada

References 

  1. Saykin AJ, Shtasel DL, Gur RE, Kester DB, Mozley LH, Stafiniak P. Neuropsychological deficits in neuroleptic naive patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51:124–131
  2. Lussier I, Stip E. Memory and attention deficits in drug naive patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2001;48:45–55
  3. Clare L, McKenna PJ, Mortimer AM, Baddeley AD. Memory in schizophrenia (what is impaired and wath is preserved?). Neuropsychologia. 1993;31:1225–1241
  4. Stip E, Lussier I. Heterogeneity of memory dysfunctioning in schizophrenia. Can J Psychiatry. 1996;41(1 Suppl):S14–S20
  5. Aleman A, Hijman R, de Haan E, Kahn RS. Memory impairment in schizophrenia (a meta-analysis). Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156:1358–1366
  6. Stip E, Lussier I, Babai M, Briand C, Leger C. Schizophrénie (comprendre le déficit mnésique avant la remédiation cognitive). J Ther Comportement Cogn. 2000;10:45–51
  7. Saykin AJ, Gur RC, Gur RE, Mozley PD, Mozley LH, Resnick SM, et al.  Neuropsychological function in schizophrenia. Selective impairment in memory and learning. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1991;48:618–624
  8. Green MF. What are the functional consequences of neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia?. Am J Psychiatry. 1996;153:321–330
  9. Green MF, Nuechterlein KH. Backward masking performance as an indicator of vulnerability to schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1999;395(Suppl):34–40
  10. Lussier I, Stip E. Selective attention and schizophrenia before the administration of neuroleptics. Encephale. 1999;25:576–583
  11. Semkovska M, Bedard MA, Stip E. Ecological assessment of executive dysfunction during daily activities in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. In press.
  12. Süllwold L, Huber G. Schizophrene basisstörungen (Basic schizophrenic disorders). Berlin, Germany: Springer Verlag; 1986;
  13. Klosterkotter J, Gross G, Huber G, Steinmeyer EM. Are self-perceivable neuropsychological deficits in patients with neuroses or personality disorder diagnoses indicative of later schizophrenia?. Nervenarzt. 1997;68:196–204
  14. Klosterkotter J. The meaning of basic symptoms for the genesis of the schizophrenic nuclear syndrome. Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol. 1992;46:609–630
  15. Liddle PF, Barnes TR. The subjective experience of deficits in schizophrenia. Compr Psychiatry. 1988;29:157–164
  16. Cuesta MJ, Peralta V, Juan JA. Abnormal subjective experiences in schizophrenia (its relationships with neuropsychological disturbances and frontal signs). Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1996;246:101–105
  17. Peralta V, Cuesta MJ. Schneiderian versus Bleulerian schizophrenia and basic symptoms. Psychopathology. 1991;24:151–157
  18. Peralta V, Cuesta MJ, de Leon J. Positive versus negative schizophrenia and basic symptoms. Compr Psychiatry. 1992;33:202–206
  19. Huber G, Gross G. The concept of basic symptoms in schizophrenic and schizoaffective psychoses. Recent Prog Med. 1989;80:646–652
  20. Gross G, Huber G, Klosterkötter J, Linz M. Bonn Scale for Assessment of Basic Symptoms. Berlin, Germany: Springer Verlag; 1987;
  21. Jaeger J, Bitter I, Czobor P, Volavka J. The measurement of subjective experience in schizophrenia (the Subjective Deficit Syndrome Scale). Compr Psychiatry. 1990;31:216–226
  22. Selten JP, Sijben NE, van den Bosch RJ, Omloo-Visser J, Warmerdam H. The subjective experience of negative symptoms (a self-rating scale). Compr Psychiatry. 1993;34:192–197
  23. Moritz S, Krausz M, Gottwalz E, Lambert M, Perro C, Ganzer S, et al.  Cognitive dysfunction at baseline predicts symptomatic 1-year outcome in first-episode schizophrenics. Psychopathology. 2000;33:48–51
  24. Mass R, Weigel S, Schneider S, Klepsch R. Schizophrenia-specific basic symptoms. A successful replication. Psychopathology. 1998;31:113–119
  25. Cuesta MJ, Peralta V, Irigoyen I. Factor analysis of the Frankfurt Complaint Questionnaire in a Spanish sample. Psychopathology. 1996;29:46–53
  26. Klosterkotter J, Hellmich M, Steinmeyer EM, Schultze-Lutter F. Diagnosing schizophrenia in the intial prodromal phase. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58:158–164
  27. Fabisch K, Fabisch H, Langs G, Macheiner H, Fitz W, Honigle D. Basic symtpms and their contribution to the differential typology of acute schizophrenic and schizoaffective disorders. Psychopathology. 2001;34:15–22
  28. Schultze-Lutter F, Klosterkotter J, Steinmeyer EM. Application of the “rough set” model for the evaluation of self-experienced nueropsychological deficits as predictors for schizophrenia. Results of an 8-year follow-up prospective study. Schizophr Res. 1998;29:61–62
  29. Yon V, Loas G. Subjective Experience of Deficits Scale in schizophrenic patients. Encephale. 1998;24:185–193
  30. American Psychiatric Association . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Ed. 4. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994;
  31. Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Schizophr Bull. 1987;13:261–276
  32. Mancini AM, Stip E. Subjective experience of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2002;53(Suppl):144
  33. Williams JB, Gibbon M, First MB. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID) II (multisite test-retest reliability). Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992;49:630–636
  34. Chouinard G, Ross-Chouinard A, Annable L, Jones BD. Extrapyramidal Symptoms Rating Scale. Can J Neurol Sci. 1980;7:233
  35. Addington D, Addington J, Maticka-Tyndale E. Specificity of the Calgary Depression Scale for schizophrenics. Schizophr Res. 1994;11:239–244
  36. The Canadian Collaborative Group for Research in Schizophrenia Purdon SE, Jones BD, Stip E, Labelle A, Addington D, David SR, et al.  Neuropsychological change in early phase schizophrenia during 12 months of treatment with olanzapine, risperidone, or haloperidol. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57:249–258
  37. Wechsler D. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Brace; 1982;
  38. Rey A. L’examen Clinique en Psychologie. Paris, France: Presses Universitaires de France; 1964;
  39. Reitan R. Trail-Making Test (Manual for Administration and Scoring). Tucson, AZ: Reitan Neuropsychological Laboratory; 1992;
  40. Weintraub S, Mesulam M-M. Visual hemispatial inattention (stimulus parameters and exploratory strategies). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1988;51:1481–1488
  41. Cronbach LJ. Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika. 1951;16:297–335
  42. Spearman C. “General intelligence,” objectively determined and measured. Am J Psychol. 1904;15:201–293
  43. Hilbert K. Grundzüge einer allgemeinen Theorie der linearen Integralgleicungen. Gött Nachr. 1956;1904–1910
  44. Jennrich RI, Sampson PF. Rotation for simple loadings. Psychometrika. 1966;31:313–323
  45. Kaiser HF. Image Analysis. In:  Harris CW editors. Problems in Measuring Change. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press; 1963;p. 56–64
  46. Bell MD, Lysaker PH, Milstein RM, Beam-Goulet JL. Concurrent validity of the cognitive component of schizophrenia (relationship of PANSS scores to neuropsychological assessments). Psychiatry Res. 1994;54:51–58
  47. Caron J, Tempier R, Mercier C, Leouffre P. Components of social support and quality of life in severely mentally ill, low income individuals and a general population group. Community Ment Health J. 1998;34:459–475
  48. Perreault M, Rogers WL, Leichner P, Sabourin S. Patients’ requests and satisfaction with services in an outpatient psychiatric setting. Psychiatr Serv. 1996;47:287–292
  49. Voruganti L, Cortese L, Oyewumi L, Cernovsky Z, Zirul S, Awad A. Comparative evaluation of conventional and novel antipsychotic drugs with reference to their subjective tolerability, side-effect profile and impact on quality of life. Schizophr Res. 2000;43:135–145
  50. Awad AG, Voruganti LN, Heslegrave RJ, Hogan TP. Assessment of the patient’s subjective experience in acute neuroleptic treatment (implications for compliance and outcome). Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1996;11(2 Suppl):55–59
  51. Bonsack C, Conus P, Philippoz R, Bovet J, Spagnoli J, Dufour H. Subjective perception of the effect of neuroleptics by outpatient schizophrenic patients (a cross-sectional study). Encephale. 1998;24:315–323
  52. Liddle PF, Barnes TRE. The subjective experience of deficits in schizophrenia. Compr Psychiatry. 1988;29:157–164
  53. Yon V, Loas G. Relationships between subjective experiences of deficit and other psychopathological features in schizophrenia. Psychopathology. 2000;33:110–114
  54. Yon V, Loas G. Subjective Experience of Deficits Scale in schizophrenic patients. Encephale. 1998;24:185–193
  55. Loas G, Berner P, Rein W, Yon V, Boyer P, Lecrubier Y. French translation of the Frankfurt Complaint Questionnaire. (Frankfurter Beschwerde-Fragebogen, FBF, Sullwold, 1986) Encephale. 1997;23:364–374
  56. Sullwold L, Herrlich J. Providing schizophrenic patients with a concept of illness. An essential element of therapy. Br J Psychiatry. 1992;18(Suppl):129–132
  57. Cuesta MJ, Peralta V. Cognitive disorder in the positive, negative, and disorganition syndromes of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 1995;58:227–235
  58. Turvey CL, Schultz S, Arndt S, Wallace RB, Herzog R. Memory complaint in a community sample aged 70 and older. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;48:1435–1441
  59. Amador XF, Gorman JM. Psychopathologic domains and insight in schizophrenia. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1998;21:27–42
  60. Buckley PF, Hasan S, Freidman L, Cerny C. Insight and schizophrenia. Compr Psychiatry. 2001;42:39–41
  61. Pini S, Cassano GB, Dell’Osso L, Amador XF. Insight into illness in schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and mood disorders with psychotic features. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158:122–125
  62. Lecomte Y, Stip E, Caron J, Renaud S, Pampoulova T. Validation of a bio-psycho-social model of adaptation for people with schizophrenia. The VIIIth International Congress on Schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2001;49(1-2 Suppl):263; [abstr]

 Supported by theFonds de la Recherche en Santé du Québec (FRSQ), Schizophrenia Axis.

PII: S0010-440X(03)00086-5

doi: 10.1016/S0010-440X(03)00086-5

Comprehensive Psychiatry
Volume 44, Issue 4 , Pages 331-340 , July 2003