Comprehensive Psychiatry
Volume 44, Issue 4 , Pages 341-348 , July 2003

Sexual dimorphism in minor physical anomalies in schizophrenic patients and normal controls

  • Valentin H Akabaliev

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Valentin H. Akabaliev, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Higher Medical Institute Plovdiv, 15A, Vassil Aprilov Blvd, Plovdiv 4002, Bulgaria
    • Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Higher Medical Institute, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
  • ,
  • Stefan T Sivkov

      Affiliations

    • Department of Anatomy and Histology, Higher Medical Institute, Plovdiv, Bulgaria

References 

  1. DeLisi LE, Hoff AL, Schwartz JE, Shields GW, Halthore SN, Gupta SM, et al.  Brain morphology in first-episode schizophrenic psychotic patients (a quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study). Biol Psychiatry. 1991;29:59–175
  2. Waddington JL. Schizophrenia (developmental neuroscience and pathobiology). Lancet. 1993;341:531–536
  3. O’Callaghan E, Buckley P, Madigan C, Redmond O, Stack JP, Kinsella A, et al.  The relationship of minor physical anomalies and other putative indices of developmental disturbance in schizophrenia to abnormalities of cerebral structure on magnetic resonance imaging. Biol Psychiatry. 1995;38:516–524
  4. Marenco S, Weinberger DR. The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia (following a trail of evidence from cradle to grave). Dev Psychopathol. 2000;12:501–527
  5. Murray R. Neurodevelopmental schizophrenia (rediscovery of dementia praecox). Br J Psychiatry. 1994;165(2 Suppl):6–12
  6. Murray RM, Lewis SW. Is schizophrenia a neurodevelopmental disorder?. BMJ. 1987;295:681–682
  7. Warkany J. Congenital Malformations. Chicago, IL: Yearbook Medical; 1971;
  8. Smith DW. Recognizable Patterns of Human Malformation. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, Philadelphia; 1988;
  9. Green M, Bracha S, Satz P, Christenson C. Minor physical anomalies in schizophrenia patients, bipolar patients, and their siblings. Schizophr Bull. 1994;20:433–440
  10. Lohr JB, Flynn K. Minor physical anomalies in schizophrenia and mood disorders. Schizophr Bull. 1993;19:551–556
  11. McGrath JJ, van Os J, Hoyos Jones PB, Harvey I, Murray RM. Minor physical anomalies in psychoses (associations with clinical and putative aetiological variables). Schizophr Res. 1995;18:9–20
  12. Lane A, Kinsella A, Murphy P, Byrne M, Keenan J, Colgan K, et al.  The anthropometric assessment of dysmorphic features in schizophrenia as an index of its developmental origins. Psychol Med. 1997;27:1–10
  13. Alexander RC, Mukherjee S, Richter J, Kaufmann CA. Minor Physical anomalies in schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1994;182:639–644
  14. Ismail B, Cantor-Graee E, McNeil T. Minor physical anomalies in schizophrenic patients and their siblings. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155:1695–1702
  15. Ismail B, Cantor-Graae E, McNeil TF. Minor physical anomalies in schizophrenia (cognitive, neurological and other clinical correlates). J Psychiatr Res. 2000;34:45–56
  16. Gourion D, Viot G, Goldberger C, Cartier M, Bourdel MC, Poirier MF, et al.  French validation of minor physical anomalies scale in schizophrenic patients and their parents. Encephale. 2001;27:143–147
  17. Leung A, Chue P. Sex differences in schizophrenia, a review of the literature. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2000;101(401 Suppl):3–38
  18. Usall J, Busquets E, Araya S, Ochoa S, Gost A. Gender differences in schizophrenia. A literature review. Actas Esp Psiquiatr. 2000;28:178–185
  19. American Psychiatric Association . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Ed. 4. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994;
  20. Waldrop MF, Pedersen FA, Bell RQ. Minor physical anomalies and behavior in preschool children. Child Dev. 1968;39:391–400
  21. Lewis SW. Sex and schizophrenia (vivre la difference). Br J Psychiatry. 1992;161:445–450
  22. Castle D, Murray RM. The neurodevelopmental basis of schizophrenia. Psychol Med. 1991;21:565–575
  23. O’Callaghan E, Larkin C, Kinsella A, Waddington JL. Familial, obstetric and other correlates of minor physical anomalies in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1991;148:479–483
  24. Gualtieri CT, Hicks RE. An immunoreactive theory of selective male affliction. Behav Brain Sci. 1985;8:427–441
  25. Nyhan W. Structural abnormalities. A systematic approach to diagnosis. Clin Symp. 1990;41:2–32
  26. Walker E, Lewine RRJ. Sampling biases in studies of gender and schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 1993;19:1–7
  27. Murray RM, Jones P, O’Callaghan E, Takei N, Sham P. Genes, viruses, and neurodevelopmental schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res. 1992;26:225–235

PII: S0010-440X(03)00003-8

doi: 10.1016/S0010-440X(03)00003-8

Comprehensive Psychiatry
Volume 44, Issue 4 , Pages 341-348 , July 2003