Comprehensive Psychiatry
Volume 43, Issue 4 , Pages 253-262 , July 2002

The prevalence of atypical features across mood, anxiety, and personality disorders

  • Michael A. Posternak
    • ,
  • Mark Zimmerman

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Michael A. Posternak, M.D., Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University School of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, 235 Plain St, Suite 501, Providence, RI 02905.

References 

  1. Davidson JRT, Miller RD, Turnbull CG, Sullivan JL. Atypical depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1982;39:527–534
  2. Liebowitz MR, Quitkin FM, Stewart JW, et al.  Antidepressant specificity in atypical depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1988;45:129–137
  3. Paykel ES, Parker RR, Rowan PR, et al.  Nosology of atypical depression. Psychol Med. 1993;13:131–139
  4. Ravaris CL, Robinson DS, Ives JO, et al.  Phenelzine and amitriptyline in the treatment of depression. A comparison of present and past studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1980;37:1075–1080
  5. Asnis GM, Mcginn LK, Sanderson WC. Atypical depression: clinical aspects and noradrenergic function. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152:31–36
  6. Bruder GE, Quitkin FM, Stewart JW, et al.  Cerebral laterality and depression: differences in perceptual asymmetry among diagnostic subtypes. J Abnorm Psychol. 1989;98:177–186
  7. Harrison WM, Cooper TB, Stewart JW, et al.  The tyramine challenge test as a marker for melancholia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1984;41:681–685
  8. Quitkin FM, Rabkin JG, Stewart JW, et al.  Sleep of atypical depressives. J Affect Disord. 1985;8:61–67
  9. Rabkin JG, Stewart JW, Quitkin FM, Mcgrath PJ, Harrison WM, Klein DF, et al.  Should atypical depression be included in DSM-IV. In: DSM-IV Sourcebook. Vol. 2:Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1996;p. 239–260
  10. Kendler KS, Eaves LJ, Walters EE, et al.  The identification and validation of distinct depressive syndromes in a population-based sample of female twins. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1996;53:391–399
  11. Sullivan PF, Kessler RC, Kendler KS. Latent class analysis of lifetime depressive symptoms in the National Comorbidity Survey. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155:1398–1406
  12. Alpert JE, Uelelacker LA, Mclean NE, et al.  Social phobia, avoidant personality disorder and atypical depression: co-occurrence and clinical implications. Psychol Med. 1997;27:627–633
  13. Lonnqvist J, Sihvo S, Syvalahti E, et al.  Moclobemide and fluoxetine in atypical depression: a double-blind study. J Affect Disord. 1994;32:169–177
  14. Nierenberg AA, Alpert JE, Pava JA, et al.  Course and treatment of atypical depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59(18 Suppl):5–9
  15. Robinson DS, Kayser A, Corcella J, et al.  Panic attacks in outpatients with depression: response to antidepressant treatment. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1985;21:562–567
  16. Sotsky SM, Simmens SJ. Pharmacotherapy response and diagnostic validity in atypical depression. J Affect Disord. 1999;54:237–247
  17. Thase ME, Carpenter L, Kupfer DJ, et al.  Clinical significance of reversed vegetative subtypes of recurrent major depression. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1991;27:17–22
  18. Mezzich JE, Fabrega J, Coffman GA. Multiaxial characterization of depressive patients. J Nerv Ment Disord. 1987;175:339–346
  19. Zisook S, Shuchter SR, Gallagher T, et al.  Atypical depression in an outpatient psychiatric population. Depression. 1993;1:268–274
  20. Levitan RD, Lesage A, Parikh SV, et al.  Reversed neurovegetative symptoms of depression: a community study of Ontario. Am J Psychiatry. 1997;154:934–940
  21. Horwath E, Johnson J, Weissman MM, et al.  The validity of major depression with atypical features based on a community study. J Affect Disord. 1992;26:117–126
  22. Benazzi F. Exploring aspects of DSM-IV interpersonal sensitivity in bipolar II. J Affect Disord. 2000;60:43–46
  23. Robertson HA, Lam RW, Stewart JN, et al.  Atypical depressive symptoms and clusters in unipolar and bipolar depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1996;94:421–427
  24. Han L, Schmaling KB, Dunner DL. Descriptive validity and stability of diagnostic criteria for dysthymic disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 1995;36:338–343
  25. Perugi G, Akiskal HS, Lattanzi L, et al.  The high prevalence of “soft” bipolar (II) features in atypical depression. Compr Psychiatry. 1998;39:63–71
  26. Pollitt J, Young J. Anxiety state or masked depression? A study based on the action of monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Br J Psychiatry. 1971;119:143–149
  27. Himmelhoch JM, Thase ME, Mallinger AG, et al.  Tranylcypromine versus imipramine in anergic bipolar depression. Am J Psychiatry. 1991;148:910–916
  28. Thase ME, Himmelhoch JM, Mallinger AG, et al.  Sleep EEG and DST findings in anergic bipolar depression. Am J Psychiatry. 1989;146:329–333
  29. Thase ME, Mallinger AG, Mcknight D, et al.  Treatment of imipramine-resistant recurrent depression, IV: a double-blind crossover study of tranylcypromine for anergic bipolar depression. Am J Psychiatry. 1992;149:195–198
  30. Akiskal HS, Walker P, Puzantian VH, et al.  Bipolar outcome in the course of depressive illness. Phenomenologic, familial, and pharmacologic predictors. J Affect Disord. 1983;5:115–128
  31. Benazzi F. Atypical depression in private practice depressed outpatients: a 203-case study. Compr Psychiatry. 1999;40:80–83
  32. Paykel ES, Rowan PR, Parker RR, et al.  Response to phenelzine and amitriptyline in subtypes of outpatient depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1982;39:1041–1049
  33. Sargant W. Drugs in the treatment of depression. BMJ. 1961;1:225–227
  34. Hordern A. The antidepressant drugs. N Engl J Med. 1965;272:1159–1169
  35. Ravaris CL, Nies A, Robinson DS, et al.  A multiple-dose, controlled study of phenelzine in depression-anxiety states. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1976;33:347–350
  36. Sovner RD. The clinical characteristics and treatment of atypical depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 1981;42:285–289
  37. West ED, Dally PJ. Effects of iproniazid in depressive syndromes. BMJ. 1959;1:1491–1494
  38. Liebowitz MR, Klein DF. Hysteroid dysphoria. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1979;2:555–575
  39. Klein DE, Gittelman R, Quitkin F. Diagnosis and Drug Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders: Adults and Children. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1980;
  40. Derecho CN, Wetzler S, Mcginn LK, et al.  Atypical depression among psychiatric inpatients: clinical features and personality traits. J Affect Disord. 1995;39:55–59
  41. First MB, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, et al.  Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1997;
  42. Zimmerman M, Mattia JI. Psychiatric diagnosis in clinical practice: iIs comorbidity being missed?. Compr Psychiatry. 1999;40:182–191
  43. Mcgrath PJ, Stewart JW, Harrison W, et al.  Predictive value of symptoms of atypical depression for differential drug treatment outcome. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1992;12:197–202
  44. Quitkin FM, Stewart JW, Mcgrath PJ, et al.  Phenelzine versus imipramine in the treatment of probable atypical depression: defining syndrome boundaries of selective MAOI responders. Am J Psychiatry. 1988;145:306–311
  45. Quitkin FM, Mcgrath PJ, Stewart JW, et al.  Phenelzine and imipramine in mood reactive depressives. Further delineation of the syndrome of atypical depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989;46:787–793
  46. Endicott J, Spitzer RL. A diagnostic interview: the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1978;35:837–844
  47. Endicott J, Cohen J, Nee J, et al.  Hamilton Depression Rating Scale: extracted from regular and change versions of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1981;38:98–103
  48. Pfohl B, Blum N, Zimmerman M. Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1997;
  49. Perry JC. Problems and considerations in the valid assessment of personality disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 1992;149:1645–1653
  50. Reich J, Noyes RJ, Yates W. Alprazolam treatment of avoidant personality traits in soical phobic patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 1989;50:91–95
  51. Beigel A, Murphy DL. Unipolar and bipolar affective illness. Differences in clinical characteristics accompanying depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1971;24:215–220
  52. Casper RC, Redmond DE, Katz MM, et al.  Somatic symptoms in primary affective disorder. Presence and relationship to the classification of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1985;42:1098–1104
  53. Detre T, Himmelhoch J, Swartzburg M, et al.  Hypersomnia and manic-depressive disease. Am J Psychiatry. 1972;128:123–125
  54. Garvey MJ, Mungas D, Tollefson GD. Hypersomnia in major depressive disorders. J Affect Disord. 1984;6:283–286
  55. Himmelhoch JM, Detre T, Kupfer DJ, et al.  Treatment of previously intractable depressions with tranylcypromine and lithium. J Nerv Ment Disord. 1972;155:216–220
  56. Himmelhoch JM, Fuchs CZ, Symons BJ. A double-blind study of tranylcypromine treatment of major anergic depression. J Nerv Ment Disord. 1982;170:628–634
  57. Kupfer DJ, Weiss BL, Foster G, et al.  Psychomotor activity in affective states. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1974;30:765–768
  58. Akiskal HS, Maser JD, Zeller PJ, et al.  Switching from ‘unipolar’ to bipolar II. An 11-year prospective study of clinical and temperamental predictors in 559 patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995;52:114–123
  59. Angst J. The emerging epidemiology of hypomania and bipolar II disorder. J Affect Disord. 1998;50:143–151
  60. Himmelhoch JM. Social anxiety, hypomania and the bipolar spectrum: data, theory and clinical issues. J Affect Disord. 1998;50:203–213
  61. Beeber AR, Kline MD, Pies RW, et al.  Hysteroid dysphoria in depressed inpatients. J Clin Psychiatry. 1984;45:164–166
  62. Spitzer RL, Williams JBW. Hysteroid dysphoria: an unsuccessful attempt to demonstrate its syndromal validity. Am J Psychiatry. 1982;139:1286–1291

PII: S0010-440X(02)00001-9

doi: 10.1053/comp.2002.33498

Comprehensive Psychiatry
Volume 43, Issue 4 , Pages 253-262 , July 2002

Article Tools