Comprehensive Psychiatry
Volume 41, Issue 2 , Pages 106-110 , March 2000

Borderline personality disorder and bipolar II disorder in private practice depressed outpatients

  • Franco Benazzi

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Franco Benazzi, M.D., Via Pozzetto 17, 48015 Castiglione di Cervia RA, Italy.

References 

  1. American Psychiatric Association . In: Ed. 4. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994;
  2. Hantouche EG, Akiskal HS, Lancrenon S, Allilaire JF, Sechter D, Azorin JM, et al.  Systematic clinical methodology for validating bipolar-I1 disorder: data in mid-stream from a French national multi-site study. J Affect Disord. 1998;50:163–173
  3. Akiskal HS. The prevalent clinical spectrum of bipolar disorders: beyond DSM-IV. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1996;16:4S–14S 1 Suppl
  4. Akiskal HS. Bipolar II, rapid cycling, mixed states and borderline personality. In: American Psychiatric Association 1998 Annual Meeting. Toronto, Ontario, Canada; May 30–June 4. 1998; (abstr 102B)
  5. Gaviria M, Flaherty J, Val E. A comparison of bipolar patients with and without a borderline personality disorder. Psychiatr J Univ Ott. 1982;7:190–195
  6. Baxter L, Edell W, Gerner R, Fairbanks L, Gwirtsman H. Dexamethasone suppression test and axis I diagnoses of inpatients with DSM-III borderline personality disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 1984;45:150–153
  7. Alnaes R, Torgensen S. Personality and personality disorders among patients with major depression in combination with dysthymic or cyclothymic disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1989;79:363–369
  8. Peselow ED, Sanfilipo MP, Fieve RR. Relationship between hypomania and personality disorders before and after successful treatment. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152:232–238
  9. Ucok A, Karaveli D, Kundakci T, Yazici O. Comorbidity of personality disorders with bipolar mood disorders. Compr Psychiatry. 1998;39:72–74
  10. Goodwin FK, Jamison KR. Manic-Depressive Illness. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1990;
  11. Bolton S, Gunderson JG. Distinguishing borderline personality disorder from bipolar disorder: differential diagnosis and implications. Am J Psychiatry. 1996;153:1202–1207
  12. Gunderson JG, Elliott GR. The interface between borderline personality disorder and affective disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1985;142:277–288
  13. Akiskal HS, Chen SE, Davis DC, Puzantian VR, Kashgarian M, Bolinger JM. Borderline: an adjective in search of a noun. J Clin Psychiatry. 1985;46:41–48
  14. Perry JC. Depression in borderline personality disorder: lifetime prevalence at interview and longitudinal course of symptoms. Am J Psychiatry. 1985;142:15–21
  15. Zanarini MC, Frankenburg FR, Dubo ED, Sickel AE, Trikha A, Levin A, et al.  Axis I comorbidity of borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155:1733–1739
  16. Angst J. The emerging epidemiology of hypomania and bipolar II disorder. J Affect Disord. 1998;50:143–151
  17. Benazzi F. Prevalence of bipolar II disorder in outpatient depression: a 203-case study in private practice. J Affect Disord. 1997;43:163–166
  18. Benazzi F. Bipolar II depressed outpatients are frequent: a 423-case study. Can J Psychiatry. 1988;43:954; (letter)
  19. Benazzi F. Bipolar II depression in late life: prevalence and clinical features in 525 depressed outpatients. J Affect Disord. In press.
  20. Gasperini M, Battaglia M, Scherillo P, Sciuto G, Diaferia G, Bellodi L. Morbidity risk for mood disorders in the families of borderline patients. J Affect Disord. 1991;21:265–272
  21. Akiskal HS. Mood disorders: clinical features. In: Ed. 4.  Kaplan HI,  Sadock BJ editor. Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins; 1995;p. 1123–1152
  22. Blacker D, Tsuang MT. Contested boundaries of bipolar disorder and the limits of categorical diagnosis in psychiatry. Am J Psychiatry. 1992;149:1473–1483
  23. Akiskal HS. The temperamental borders of affective disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 1994;379:32–37
  24. American Psychiatric Association . Practice guideline for major depressive disorder in adults. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150:4; (Suppl)
  25. First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JBW. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders-Clinician Version (SCID-CV). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1997;
  26. First MB, Gibbon M, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, Smith Benjamin L. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders (SCID-11). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1997;
  27. Montgomery SA, Asberg M. A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. Br J Psychiatry. 1979;134:382–389
  28. Akiskal HS, Maser JD, Zeller PJ, Endicott J, Coryell W, Keller M, et al.  Switching from “unipolar” to bipolar II. An 11-year prospective study of clinical and temperamental predictors in 559 patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995;52:114–123
  29. Coryell W, Endicott J, Maser JD, Keller NO, Leon AC, Akiskal HS. Long-term stability of polarity distinctions in the affective disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152:385–390
  30. Benazzi F. Antidepressant-associated hypomania in outpatient depression: a 203-case study in private practice. J Affect Disord. 1997;46:73–77
  31. Benazzi F. Chronic depression: a case series of 203 outpatients treated at a private practice. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 1998;23:51–55
  32. Benazzi F. Atypical depression in private practice depressed outpatients: a 203-case study. Compr Psychiatry. 1999;40:80–83
  33. Benazzi F. Late-life atypical major depressive episode: a 358-case study in outpatients. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. In press.
  34. Benazzi F. Prevalence of bipolar II disorder in atypical depression. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1999;249:62–65
  35. Benazzi F. Bipolar II versus unipolar chronic depression: a 312-case study. Compr Psychiatry. 1999;40:418–421
  36. Benazzi F. Is atypical depression a moderate severity depression? A 536-case study. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 1999;24:244–247
  37. Benazzi F. Gender differences in bipolar II and unipolar depressed outpatients: a 557-case study. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 1999;11:55–59
  38. Benazzi F. Prevalence and clinical features of atypical depression in depressed outpatients: a 467-case study. Psychiatry Res. 1999;86:259–265
  39. Benazzi F. Bipolar versus unipolar psychotic outpatient depression. J Affect Disord. 1999;55:63–66
  40. Cassano GB, Akiskal HS, Savino M, Musetti L, Perugi G. Proposed subtypes of bipolar II and related disorders: with hypomanic episodes (or cyclothymia) and with hyperthymic temperament. J Affect Disord. 1992;26:127–140
  41. Amsterdam JD, Garcia-Espana F, Fawcett J, Quitkin FM, Reimherr FW, Rosenbaum JF, et al.  Efficacy and safety of fluoxetine in treating bipolar II major depressive episode. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1998;18:435–440
  42. Cooke RG, Young T, Levitt AJ, Pearce MM, Joffe RT. Bipolar II: not so different when co-morbidity excluded. Depression. 1995;3:154–156
  43. McMahon FJ, Stine C, Chase GA, Meyers DA, Simpson SG, Depaulo JR. Influence of clinical subtype, sex, and lineality on age at onset of major depressive disorder in a family sample. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151:210–215
  44. Dunner DL, Kai Tay L. Diagnostic reliability of the history of hypomania in bipolar II patients and patients with major depression. Compr Psychiatry. 1993;34:303–307

PII: S0010-440X(00)90142-1

Comprehensive Psychiatry
Volume 41, Issue 2 , Pages 106-110 , March 2000