Comprehensive Psychiatry
Volume 41, Issue 3 , Pages 172-178 , May 2000

Depersonalization in panic disorder: A clinical study

  • J. Segui

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to J. Segui, M.D., Ph.D., Section of Psychiatry, La Alianza General Hospital. c/Viladomat 288, Barcelona 08021,Spai
    • From the Section of Psychiatry, La Alianza General Hospital, Barcelona,Spain
    • Mental Health Center, Cerdanola del Valle´s. Barcelona,Spain
    • Centre de Psiquidtria Neurologia Y Psicologia (PSINEP), Barcelona,Spain.
  • ,
  • M. Ma´rquez

      Affiliations

    • From the Section of Psychiatry, La Alianza General Hospital, Barcelona,Spain
    • Mental Health Center, Cerdanola del Valle´s. Barcelona,Spain
    • Centre de Psiquidtria Neurologia Y Psicologia (PSINEP), Barcelona,Spain.
  • ,
  • L. Garcia

      Affiliations

    • From the Section of Psychiatry, La Alianza General Hospital, Barcelona,Spain
    • Mental Health Center, Cerdanola del Valle´s. Barcelona,Spain
    • Centre de Psiquidtria Neurologia Y Psicologia (PSINEP), Barcelona,Spain.
  • ,
  • J. Canet

      Affiliations

    • From the Section of Psychiatry, La Alianza General Hospital, Barcelona,Spain
    • Mental Health Center, Cerdanola del Valle´s. Barcelona,Spain
    • Centre de Psiquidtria Neurologia Y Psicologia (PSINEP), Barcelona,Spain.
  • ,
  • L. Salvador-Carulla

      Affiliations

    • From the Section of Psychiatry, La Alianza General Hospital, Barcelona,Spain
    • Mental Health Center, Cerdanola del Valle´s. Barcelona,Spain
    • Centre de Psiquidtria Neurologia Y Psicologia (PSINEP), Barcelona,Spain.
  • ,
  • M. Ortiz

      Affiliations

    • From the Section of Psychiatry, La Alianza General Hospital, Barcelona,Spain
    • Mental Health Center, Cerdanola del Valle´s. Barcelona,Spain
    • Centre de Psiquidtria Neurologia Y Psicologia (PSINEP), Barcelona,Spain.

Reference 

    Reference
  1. Klein DF. Delineation of two drug-responsive anxiety syndromes. Psychopharmacology. 1964;5:397–408
  2. Ley R. The many faces of panic: psychological differences among three types of panic attacks. Behav Res Ther. 1992;30:347–358
  3. Segui J, Salvador-Carulla L, Garcia L, Canet J, Ortiz M. Subgrupos clinicos de trastorno por angustia: de la fenomenologia a la agrupacion diagnostica. Actas LusoEsp Neurol Psiquiatr Cienc Afines. 1998;26:65–73
  4. Segui J, Salvador-Carulla L, Garcia L, Canet J, Ortiz M, Farce JM. Semiology and subtyping of panic disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1998;97:272–277
  5. Seguf J, Salvador-Carulla L, Garcia L, Canet J, Ortiz M, Farce JM. Subtipificacio´n del trastorno por anguistia en funcio´n de sus sintomas. Clin (Barc). 1998;110:524–528
  6. Lelliott P, Bass C. Symptom specificity in patients with panic. Br J Psychiatry. 1990;157:593–597
  7. Jacob RG, Moller MB, Turner SM, Wall C. Otoneurological examination in panic disorder and agoraphobia with panic attacks: a pilot study. Am J Psychiatry. 1985;142:715–720
  8. Lydiard RB, Greenwald S, Weissman MM, Johnson J, Drossman DA, Ballenger JC. Panic disorder and gastrointestinal symptoms: findings from the NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area Project. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151:64–70
  9. Cassano GB, Petracca A, Perugi G, Toni C, Tundo A, Roth M. Depersonalization and panic attacks: a clinical evaluation on 150 patients with panic disorder/agoraphobia. Compr Psychiatry. 1989;30:5–12
  10. Roth M. The phobic anxiety-depersonalization syndrome. In: Ed. 3. Proc R Soc Med. 52:1959;p. 587–595
  11. Rapee RM, Craske MG, Barlow DH. Subject-described features of panic attacks using self-monitoring. J Anxiety Dis. 1990;4:171–181
  12. Mizobe Y, Yamada K, Fujii Y. The sequence of panic symptoms. Jpn J Psychiatr Neurol. 1992;46:597–601
  13. Shioiri T, Someya T, Murashita J, Takahashi S. The symptom structure of panic disorder: a trial using factor and cluster analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1996;93:80–86
  14. Aronson TA, Logue CM. Phenomenology of panic attacks: a descriptive study of panic disorder patients' self-reports. J Clin Psychiatry. 1988;49:8–13
  15. Barlow DH, Vermilyea J, Blanchard EB, Vermilyea BB, DiNardo PA, Cerny JA. The phenomenon of panic. J Abnorm Psychol. 1985;94:320–328
  16. Briggs AC, Stretch DD, Brandon S. Subtyping of panic disorder by symptom profile. Br J Psychiatry. 1993;163:201–209
  17. Starcevic V, Kellner R, Uhlenhuth EH, Pathak D. The phenomenology of panic attacks in panic disorder with and without agoraphobia. Compr Psychiatry. 1993;34:36–41
  18. De Beurs E, Garssen B, Buikhuisen M, Lange A, van Balkom A, van Dyck R. Continuous monitoring of panic. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1994;90:38–45
  19. Ball S, Robinson A, Shekhar A, Walsh K. Dissociative symptoms in panic disorder. J Nerv Merit Dis. 1997;185:755–760
  20. Hidalgo Rodrigo MI, Diaz Gonzalez RJ, Lana Moliner A, Pena Garcia I, Hidalgo Rodrigo MA. Despersonalizacin´en los trastornos de pa´nico. Actas Luso Esp Neurol Psiquiatr Cienc Afines. 1997;25:167–171
  21. American Psychiatric Association . In: Ed. 3. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1987;Rev. (DSM-III-R)
  22. Spitzer R, Williams JBW. Structural Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R. In: Upjohn Version Rev. (SLID-UP-R). New York. NY: New York State Psychiatric Institute; 1988;
  23. Endicott J, Andreasen NC, Spitzer RL. Family History Research Diagnostic Criteria. New York, NY: Biometrics Research; 1975;
  24. Humbert MS. Criterios diagno´sticos de investigaco´n—Historia Familiar (FH-RDC). In: Bueno JA, Hurbert MS, Sabanes F, Salvador L editor. Sistema-RDC. Criterios Diagno´sticos de Investigacion. Madrid, Spain: Editores Medicos; 1989;p. 137–169
  25. Hamilton M. A rating scale of depression. J N Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1961;23:56–62
  26. Hamilton M. The assessment of anxiety states by rating scales. Br J Med Psychol. 1959;32:50–55
  27. Marks IM, Mathews AM. Brief standard self-ratings for phobic patients. Behav Res Ther. 1979;17:263–267
  28. Argyle N, Deltito J, Allerup P, Maier W, Albus M, Nutzinger D, et al. The Panic-Associated Symptom Scale: measuring the severity of panic disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1991;83:20–26
  29. Segui J, Salvador L, Garcia L, Canet J, Ma´rquez M, Ortiz M. Validacio´n de la Escala de Si´ntomas de Ataque de Pa´nico (ESAP). Actas Esp Psiquiatr. 1999;27:177–183
  30. Lobo A, Escobar V, Go´mez-Burgada F. El Mini-Examen Cognoscitivo y deterioro psiquico. Rev Psiq Gen Aplic. 1979;34:628–633
  31. Folstein ME, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. “Mini-Mental State.” A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975;12:189–198
  32. Norusis MJ. SPSS Advanced Statistics User's Guide. Chicago, IL: SPSS; 1990;
  33. Debonnel G, De Montigny C. Modulation of NMDA and dopaminergic neurotransmissions by sigma ligands: possible implications for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Life Sci. 1996;58:721–734
  34. Dening TR, Berrios GE. Autoscopic phenomena. Br J Psychiatry. 1994;165:808–817
  35. Signer SF. Capgras' syndrome: the delusion of substitution. J Clin Psychiatry. 1987;48:147–150
  36. Watts CA. A long-term follow-up of schizophrenic patients: 1946–1983. J Clin Psychiatry. 1985;46:210–216
  37. Castrogiovanni P, Pieraccini F, Di Muro A. Suicidality and aggressive behaviour. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1998;97:144–148
  38. Martin F, Poyen D, Bouderlique E, Gouvernet J, Rivet B, Disdier P, et al. Depression and burnout in hospital care professionals. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 1997;3:204–209
  39. Nishizono-Maher A, Ikuta N, Ogiso Y, Moriya N, Miyake Y, Minakawa K. Psychotic symptoms in depression and borderline personality disorder. J Affect Disord. 1999;28:279–285
  40. Maes M, Maes L, Suy E. Symptom profiles of biological markers in depression: a multivariate study. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1990;15:29–37
  41. Davidson , Woodbury MA, Zisook S, Giller EL. Classification of depression by grade of membership: a confirmation study. Psychol Med. 1989;19:987–998
  42. Nuller YL. Depersonalisation-symptoms, meaning, therapy. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1982;66:451–458
  43. Bremner JD, Southwick S, Brett E, Fontana A, Rosenheck R, Charney DS. Dissociation and posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnam combat veterans. Am J Psychiatry. 1992;149:328–332
  44. Davidson JR, Kudler HS, Saunders WB, Smith RD. Symptom and comorbidity patterns in World War II and Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 1990;31:162–170
  45. Bremner JD, Steinberg M, Southwick SM, Johnson DR, Chamey DS. Use of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Dissociative Disorders for systematic assessment of dissociative symptoms in posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150:1011–1014
  46. Harvey AG, Bryant RA. The relationship between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder: a prospective evaluation of motor vehicle accident survivors. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1999;66:507–512
  47. Good MI. The concept of an organic dissociative syndrome: what is the evidence?. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 1993;1:145–157
  48. Alper K, Devinsky O, Perrine K, Luciano D, Vazquez B, Pacia S, et al. Dissociation in epilepsy and conversion nonepileptic seizures. Epilepsia. 1997;38:991–997
  49. Wenzel K, Bernstein DP, Handelsman L, Rinaldi P, Ruggiero J, Higgins B. Levels of dissociation in detoxified abusers and their relationship to chronicity of alcohol and drug use. J Nerv Merit Dis. 1996;184:220–227
  50. Madianos MG, Gefou-Madianou D, Richradson C, Stefanis CN. Factors affecting illicit and licit drug use among adolescents and young adults in Greece. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1995;91:258–264
  51. Miller FT, Abrams T, Dulit R, Fyer M. Substance abuse in borderline personality disorder. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 1993;19:491–497
  52. Good MI. Substance-induced dissociative disorders and psychiatric nosology. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1989;9:88–93
  53. Melges FT, Tinklenberg JR, Deardorft CM, Davies NH, Anderson RE, Owen CA. Temporal disorganization and delusional-like ideation. Processes induced by hashish and alcohol. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1974;30:855–861
  54. Clausen J, Fisher S. Effects of amphetamine and barbiturate on body experience. Psychosom Med. 1973;35:390–405
  55. Lader M. Benzodiazepine dependence. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1984;8:85–95
  56. Feline A, Jouvent R. Psychosensorial manifestations observed in psychotic patients treated with betamimetic drugs. Encephale. 1977;3:149–158
  57. Noyes R, Clancy J, Garvey MJ, Anderson DJ. Is agoraphobia a variant of panic disorder or a separate illness?. J Anxiety Disord. 1987;1:3–13
  58. Cox BJ, Swinson RP, Endler NS, Norton GR. The symptom structure of panic attacks. Compr Psychiatry. 1994;35:349–353
  59. Toni C, Cassano GB, Perugi G, Mur L, Mancino M, Petracca A, et al. Psychosensorial and related phenomena in panic disorder and in temporal lobe epilepsy. Compr Psychiatry. 1996;37:125–133
  60. Goldstein RB, Wickramaratne PJ, Horwatz E, Weissman MM. Familial aggregation and phenomenology of “early-onset” (at or before age 20 years) panic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997;54:271–278
  61. Bandelow B, Amering M, Benkert O, Marks I, Nardi AE, Osterheider M, et al. Cardio-respiratory and other symptom clusters in panic disorder. Anxiety. 1996;2:99–101
  62. Argyle N. The nature of cognitions in panic disorder. Behav Res Ther. 1988;26:261–264
  63. Kenardy J, Evans L, Oei TPS. The latent structure of anxiety symptoms in anxiety disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1992;149:1058–1061
  64. Roth M, Harper M. Temporal lobe epilepsy and the phobic anxiety-depersonalization syndrome. II. Practical and theoretical considerations. Compr Psychiatry. 1962;3:215–226
  65. Neugebauer R, Weissman M, Olette R, Markowitz J, Johnson J. Comorbidity of panic disorder and seizures: affinity or artifact?. J Anxiety Disord. 1993;7:21–35
  66. Reiman ME, Raichle ME, Robins E, Butler KF, Herscovitch P, Fox P, et al. The application of positron emission tomography to the study of panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1986;143:469–477
  67. Reiman EM. The application of positron emission tomography to the study of normal and pathologic emotions. J Clin Psychiatry. 1997;58(16 Suppl):4–12
  68. Ontiveros A, Fontaine R, Breton G, Elie R, Fontaine S, Dery R. Correlation of severity of panic disorder and neuroanatomical changes on magnetic resonance imaging. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1989;1:404–408
  69. Fontaine R, Breton G, Dery R, Fontaine S, Elie R. Temporal lobe abnormalities in panic disorder: a MRl study. Biol Psychiatry. 1990;27:304–310
  70. Benkelfalt C, Bradwejn J, Meyer E, Ellenbogen M, Milot S, Gjedere A, et al. Functional neuroanatomy of CCK-4-induced anxiety in normal healthy volunteers. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152:1180–1184
  71. De Cristofaro MR, Sessarego A, Pupi A, Biondi F, Faravelli C. Brain perfusion abnormalities in drug naive, lactate-sensitive panic patients. Biol Psychiatry. 1993;33:505–512
  72. Kashcka W, Feistel H, Ebert D. Reduced benzodiazepine receptor binding in panic disorders measured by iomazenil SPECT. J Psychiatr Res. 1995;29:427–434
  73. Nordahl TE, Semple WE, Gross M, Mellman TA, Stein MB, Goyer P, et al. Cerebral glucose metabolic differences in patients with panic disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1990;3:261–272

PII: S0010-440X(00)90044-0

doi: 10.1016/S0010-440X(00)90044-0

Comprehensive Psychiatry
Volume 41, Issue 3 , Pages 172-178 , May 2000